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he's near retirement age

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1 near-retirement age

общ. околопенсионный возраст (условно выделяемый возрастной период непосредственно предшествующий достижению пенсионного возраста; напр., если обычный пенсионный возраст определен как 65 лет, то лицами околопенсионного возраста могут считаться лица старше 55, но моложе 65 лет)

See:

retirement age, pre-retirement age, post-retirement age, normal retirement age, early retirement age, late retirement age, mandatory retirement age

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near-retirement age
2 retirement age

страх., эк. тр. пенсионный возраст, возраст выхода на пенсию [в отставку\] (установленный законом или правилами компании возраст, в котором работник должен или может уйти на пенсию или в отставку)

Syn:

age of retirement, retiring age, pension age

See:

normal retirement age, early retirement age, late retirement age, mandatory retirement age, contractual retirement age, statutory retirement age, pre-retirement age, post-retirement age, near-retirement age

* * *
возраст ухода на пенсию: установленный правилами компании или законом возраст, когда работник может или должен уйти на пенсию; в США граждане могут начинать получать государственное пенсионное пособие с 62 лет, но полного размера оно достигает лишь в 65 лет (планируется поднять этот возраст до 67); обязательный уход на пенсию федеральных служащих - 70 лет, а во многих компаниях - 65 лет.

Англо-русский экономический словарь > retirement age
3 near

near [nɪə^r]

1. adverb

   a. (in space) tout près ; (in time) proche

• he lives quite near il habite tout près

• near at hand [object] à portée de (la) main ; [event] tout proche

• to draw near (to) s'approcher (de)

• near to where I had seen him près de l'endroit où je l'avais vu

• she was near to tears elle était au bord des larmes

   b. (in degree) presque

• this train is nowhere near full ce train est loin d'être plein

   c. ( = close) that's near enough (inf) ça pourra aller

2. preposition

   a. (in space) près de

• near here/there près d'ici/de là

• near the church près de l'église

• don't come near me ne vous approchez pas de moi

• it's near the end of the book c'est vers la fin du livre

• her birthday is near mine son anniversaire est proche du mien

   b. ( = on the point of) the work is near completion le travail est presque terminé

   c. ( = on the same level) au niveau de

• to be near sth se rapprocher de qch ; (figurative) ressembler à qch

• French is nearer Latin than English is le français est plus proche du latin que l'anglais

• nobody comes anywhere near him personne ne lui arrive à la cheville

3. adjective

   a. ( = close in space) proche

• to the nearest pound à une livre près

   b. ( = close in time) proche

• in the near future dans un proche avenir

   c. (figurative) [relative] proche

• the nearest equivalent ce qui s'en rapproche le plus

• his nearest rival son plus dangereux rival

• a near miss (Aviation) une quasi-collision

• that was a near thing (gen) il s'en est fallu de peu

• it was a near thing (of election, race result) ça a été très juste

4. transitive verb

[+ place] approcher de ; [+ person] approcher

• my book is nearing completion mon livre est presque terminé

5. compounds

► the Near East noun le Proche-Orient

► near-sighted adjective

• to be near-sighted être myope ► near-sightedness noun myopie f

* * *
[nɪə(r)] 1.
adverb

1) ( nearby)

to live quite near — habiter tout près

to move ou draw nearer — s'approcher davantage (to de)

to bring something nearer — approcher quelque chose

2) ( close in time)

the time is near when... — dans peu de temps,...

how near are they in age? — combien ont-ils de différence d'âge?

3) ( nearly)

as near perfect as it could be — aussi proche de la perfection que possible

nowhere near finished — loin d'être fini
2.
near enough adverbial phrase

1) ( approximately) à peu près

2) ( sufficiently close)

that's near enough — ( not any closer) tu es assez près; ( acceptable as quantity) ça ira
3.
preposition

1) ( in space) près de

2) ( in time)

nearer the time — quand la date approchera

it's getting near Christmas — Noël approche

on or near the 12th — autour du 12

3) ( in degree) proche de

near the beginning of the article — presque au début de l'article

he's no nearer (making) a decision — il n'est pas plus décidé

she's nowhere near finishing — elle est loin d'avoir fini

£400? it cost nearer £600 — 400 livres sterling? je dirais plutôt 600

nobody comes anywhere near her — fig personne ne lui arrive à la cheville
4.
near to prepositional phrase

1) ( in space) près de

near to where — près de l'endroit où

how near are we to Dijon? — à quelle distance sommes-nous de Dijon?

2) ( on point of) au bord de [tears, hysteria, collapse]

to be near to doing — être sur le point de faire

how near are you to completing...? — est-ce que vous êtes sur le point de finir...?

3) ( in degree)

to come nearest to — s'approcher le plus de

to come near to doing — faillir faire
5.
adjective

1) (close in distance, time) proche

2) ( in degree)

he's the nearest thing to an accountant we've got — c'est lui qui a le plus de connaissances en comptabilité parmi nos employés

it's the nearest thing — (to article, colour required) c'est ça le plus approchant

3) ( short)

the nearest route — le chemin le plus court
6.
near + combining form presque

a near-catastrophic blunder — une gaffe presque catastrophique
7.
transitive verb lit, fig ( draw close to) approcher de

to near completion — toucher à sa fin

to near retirement — partir bientôt à la retraite

English-French dictionary > near
4 near

near

A adv

1 ( nearby) to live/work quite near habiter/travailler tout près ; to move ou draw near approcher (to de) ; to move ou draw nearer s'approcher davantage (to de) ; to bring sth nearer approcher qch ;

2 ( close in time) the exams are drawing near les examens approchent ; the time is near when… dans peu de temps,… ; how near are they in age? combien ont-ils de différence d'âge? ;

3 ( nearly) as near perfect as it could be aussi proche de la perfection que possible ; nowhere near finished/ready loin d'être fini/prêt ; he's not anywhere near as bright as her il est loin d'être aussi intelligent qu'elle.

B near enough adv phr

1 ( approximately) à peu près ; there were 20 yachts near enough il y avait à peu près 20 yachts ;

2 ( sufficiently close) that's near enough ( not any closer) tu es assez près ; ( acceptable as quantity) ça ira ; to be near enough/come near enough to do être assez près/s'approcher suffisamment pour faire.

C prep

1 ( in space) près de [place, person, object] ; near here/there près d'ici/de là ; don't go near the fire ne t'approche pas trop du feu ; don't come near me ne t'approche pas de moi ;

2 ( in time) nearer the time quand la date approchera ; it's getting near Christmas Noël approche ; on or near the 12th autour du 12 ; their anniversary is near ours leur anniversaire de mariage est à quelques jours du nôtre ; nearer 40 than 30 plus proche or plus près de 40 ans que de 30 ;

3 ( in degree) proche de ; nearer the truth plus proche de la vérité ; nearer this colour than that plus proche de cette couleur-ci que de celle-là ; nearer what I'm looking for plus proche de ce que je cherche ; near the beginning/end of the article presque au début/à la fin de l'article ; near the climax of the play à l'approche du point culminant de la pièce ; I'm no nearer (finding) a solution than I was yesterday je n'ai pas plus de solution que je n'en avais hier ; he's no nearer (making) a decision il n'est pas plus décidé ; she's nowhere near finishing elle est loin d'avoir fini ; £400? it cost nearer £600 400 livres? je dirais plutôt 600 ; nobody comes anywhere near her fig personne ne lui arrive à la cheville.

D near to prep phr

1 ( in space) près de [place, person, object] ; near to where près de l'endroit où ; nearer to plus près de ; how near are we to Dijon? à quelle distance sommes-nous de Dijon? ;

2 ( on point of) au bord de [tears, hysteria, collapse] ; to be near to doing être sur le point de faire ; how near are you to completing…? est-ce que vous êtes sur le point de finir…? ;

3 ( in degree) to come nearest to s'approcher le plus de [ideal, conception] ; to come near to doing faillir faire ; he came near to giving up il a failli abandonner.

E adj

1 (close in distance, time) proche ; the nearest tree l'arbre le plus proche ; our nearest neighbours nos voisins les plus proches ; in the near future dans un avenir proche ;

2 ( in degree) in the near darkness dans la pénombre ; he's the nearest thing to an accountant we've got c'est lui qui a le plus de connaissances en comptabilité parmi nos employés ; it's the nearest thing (to article, colour required) c'est ça le plus approchant ; to calculate sth to the near whole number Math arrondir un résultat ;

3 ( short) the nearest route le chemin le plus court.

F near+ (dans composés) presque ; a near-catastrophic blunder une gaffe presque catastrophique ; a near-perfect exam paper un examen presque parfait or proche de la perfection.

G vtr

1 ( draw close to) approcher de [place] ; as we neared the city/the harbour comme nous approchions de la ville/du port ;

2 fig approcher de [peak, record high] ; to near the end of approcher de la fin de [season, term] ; to near the end of one's life lit, fig approcher de sa fin ; to near completion [project, book] toucher à sa fin ; to near retirement partir bientôt à la retraite.

Big English-French dictionary > near
5 near

I 1. [nɪə(r)]
avverbio

1) (nearby) vicino

to move o draw near — avvicinarsi

2) (close in time)

the time is near when... — si avvicina il tempo in cui...

how near are you in age? — quanti anni di differenza ci sono tra voi?

3) (nearly)

as near perfect as it could be — il più vicino possibile alla perfezione

nowhere near ready — tutt'altro che pronto

4) near enough

there are 20 yachts near enough — (approximately) ci sono circa 20 yacht

that's near enough — (not any closer) così vicino va bene; (acceptable as quantity) ce n'è abbastanza
2.
preposizione

1) (in space) vicino a [place, person, object]

near here — qui vicino

2) (in time)

nearer the time — quando verrà il momento

it's getting near Christmas — si sta avvicinando il o siamo quasi a Natale

on or near the 5th — il 5 o intorno al 5

3) (in degree) vicino a

near the end of the article — verso la fine dell'articolo

nearer what I'm looking for — più simile a ciò che cerco

he's no nearer (making) a decision — è sempre allo stesso punto, non ha ancora deciso

he's nowhere near finishing — è ben lontano dall'avere finito

Ј 400? it cost nearer Ј 600 — 400 sterline? era quasi 600

nobody comes anywhere near her — fig. nessuno può reggere il confronto con lei

4) near to (in space) vicino a [place, person, object]

near to where — vicino al luogo in cui

how near are we to Venice? — a che distanza siamo da Venezia?

to be near to tears, to doing — (on point of) essere sul punto di piangere, sul punto di fare; (in degree)

to come nearest to — avvicinarsi il più possibile a [ ideal]

he came near to doing — c'è mancato poco che facesse
II [nɪə(r)]
aggettivo

1) (close in distance, time) vicino, prossimo

in the near future — nel prossimo futuro

2) (in degree)

he's the nearest thing to an accountant we've got — tra tutti è quello che se ne intende di più di ragioneria

it's the nearest thing — (to article, colour required) è la cosa più simile

3) (short)

the nearest route — la strada più breve

4) near- in composti quasi

a near-catastrophic blunder — un errore quasi catastrofico
III [nɪə(r)]
verbo transitivo avvicinarsi a (anche fig.)

to near completion — [ book] essere quasi terminato

to near retirement — essere vicino o prossimo alla pensione

* * *
[niə] 1. adjective
1) (not far away in place or time: The station is quite near; Christmas is getting near.) vicino

2) (not far away in relationship: He is a near relation.) prossimo
2. adverb
1) (to or at a short distance from here or the place mentioned: He lives quite near.) vicino

2) ((with to) close to: Don't sit too near to the window.) vicino
3. preposition
(at a very small distance from (in place, time etc): She lives near the church; It was near midnight when they arrived.) vicino
4. verb
(to come near (to): The roads became busier as they neared the town; as evening was nearing.) avvicinarsi

- nearly
- nearness
- nearby
- nearside
- near-sighted
- a near miss
* * *
I 1. [nɪə(r)]
avverbio

1) (nearby) vicino

to move o draw near — avvicinarsi

2) (close in time)

the time is near when... — si avvicina il tempo in cui...

how near are you in age? — quanti anni di differenza ci sono tra voi?

3) (nearly)

as near perfect as it could be — il più vicino possibile alla perfezione

nowhere near ready — tutt'altro che pronto

4) near enough

there are 20 yachts near enough — (approximately) ci sono circa 20 yacht

that's near enough — (not any closer) così vicino va bene; (acceptable as quantity) ce n'è abbastanza
2.
preposizione

1) (in space) vicino a [place, person, object]

near here — qui vicino

2) (in time)

nearer the time — quando verrà il momento

it's getting near Christmas — si sta avvicinando il o siamo quasi a Natale

on or near the 5th — il 5 o intorno al 5

3) (in degree) vicino a

near the end of the article — verso la fine dell'articolo

nearer what I'm looking for — più simile a ciò che cerco

he's no nearer (making) a decision — è sempre allo stesso punto, non ha ancora deciso

he's nowhere near finishing — è ben lontano dall'avere finito

Ј 400? it cost nearer Ј 600 — 400 sterline? era quasi 600

nobody comes anywhere near her — fig. nessuno può reggere il confronto con lei

4) near to (in space) vicino a [place, person, object]

near to where — vicino al luogo in cui

how near are we to Venice? — a che distanza siamo da Venezia?

to be near to tears, to doing — (on point of) essere sul punto di piangere, sul punto di fare; (in degree)

to come nearest to — avvicinarsi il più possibile a [ ideal]

he came near to doing — c'è mancato poco che facesse
II [nɪə(r)]
aggettivo

1) (close in distance, time) vicino, prossimo

in the near future — nel prossimo futuro

2) (in degree)

he's the nearest thing to an accountant we've got — tra tutti è quello che se ne intende di più di ragioneria

it's the nearest thing — (to article, colour required) è la cosa più simile

3) (short)

the nearest route — la strada più breve

4) near- in composti quasi

a near-catastrophic blunder — un errore quasi catastrofico
III [nɪə(r)]
verbo transitivo avvicinarsi a (anche fig.)

to near completion — [ book] essere quasi terminato

to near retirement — essere vicino o prossimo alla pensione

English-Italian dictionary > near
6 près

près [pʀε]

adverb

(dans l'espace, dans le temps) close

• la gare est tout près we're very close to the station

• il habite assez/tout près he lives quite/very near or close

• ne te mets pas trop près don't get too close

• c'est plus/moins près que je ne croyais (espace) it's nearer than/further than I thought ; (temps) it's sooner than/further off than I thought

• c'est terminé à peu de chose près it's more or less finished

• je vais vous donner le chiffre à un centimètre près I'll give you the figure to within about a centimetre

• cela fait 100 € à peu de chose(s) près that comes to 100 euros, or as near as makes no difference

• il n'est plus à 10 minutes près he can wait another 10 minutes

► de près

• il voit mal/bien de près he can't see very well/he can see all right close to

• surveiller qn de près to keep a close watch on sb

• il faudra examiner cette affaire de plus près we must take a closer look at this business

• on a frôlé de très près la catastrophe we came within an inch of disaster

• de près ou de loin [ressembler] more or less

• tout ce qui touche de près ou de loin au cinéma everything remotely connected with cinema► près de near close to

• leur maison est près de l'église their house is near the church

• le plus près possible de la porte as near the door as possible

• une robe près du corps a close-fitting dress

• ils étaient très près l'un de l'autre they were very close to each other

• elle est près de sa mère she's with her mother

• être très près du but to be very close to or near one's goal

• être près de son argent or de ses sous (inf) to be tight-fisted

• il est près de la retraite he's close to or near retirement

• il est près de la cinquantaine he's nearly fifty► ne pas être près de + infinitif

• je ne suis pas près de partir/de réussir at this rate, I'm not likely to be going/to succeed

• je ne suis pas près de recommencer I won't do that again in a hurry

* * *
pʀɛ
1.

adverbe

1) ( non loin dans l'espace) close

la ville est tout près — it's no distance to the town, the town is close by

ce n'est pas tout près — it's quite a way

se raser de près — to have a close shave

2) fig

10 kg, à quelques grammes près — 10 kg, give or take a few grammes

ce roman est plutôt bon, à quelques détails près — this novel is quite good, apart from the odd detail

à ceci or cela près que — except that

il m'a remboursé au centime près — he paid me back to the very last penny

à une voix près, le projet aurait été adopté — the project would have been adopted but for one vote

gagner à deux voix près — to win by two votes

prends ton temps, on n'est pas à cinq minutes près — take your time, five minutes won't make any difference

précis au millimètre près — accurate to within a millimetre [BrE]

à une exception près — with only one exception

à quelques exceptions près — with a few rare exceptions

2.

près de locution prépositive

1) ( dans l'espace) near

elle habite près d'ici — she lives nearby ou near here

être près du but — fig to be close to achieving one's goal

j'aimerais être près de toi — I'd like to be with you

elle est près de lui — ( à ses côtés) she's at his side

2) ( dans le temps) near, nearly

il est près de l'âge de la retraite — he's near retirement age

il est près de minuit — it's nearly midnight

être près de faire — to be about to do

je suis près de penser que — I almost think that

ils étaient près de la victoire — they were close to victory

le problème n'est pas près d'être résolu — the problem is nowhere near solved

3) (par les idées, les sentiments) close (de to)

ils sont très près l'un de l'autre — they are very close

vivre près de la nature — to live close to nature

4) ( presque) nearly, almost

cela coûte près de 500 euros — it costs nearly ou almost 500 euros

3.

de près locution adverbiale closely

regarder de plus près — to take a closer look

suivre quelqu'un de près — to follow somebody closely

surveiller quelqu'un/qch de près — to keep a close eye on somebody/sth

vu de près, cela rassemble à... — seen from close quarters, it looks like...

les concurrents se suivent de près — the competitors are close together

s'intéresser de près à quelque chose — to take a close interest in something

voir la mort de près — to look death in the face, to come close to death

à y regarder de plus près — on closer examination

4.

à peu près locution adverbiale ( presque)

la rue est à peu près vide — the street is practically ou virtually empty

cela coûte à peu près 20 euros — it costs about ou around 20 euros

il y a à peu près une heure qu'il est parti — he left about an hour ago

à peu près de la même façon — in much the same way

à peu près semblables — pretty much the same

cela désigne à peu près n'importe quoi — it refers to just about anything

* * *
pʀɛ adv
1) (pas loin) near

tout près — nearby

J'habite tout près. — I live nearby.

près de — near

Il habite près de la poste. — He lives near the post office.

Assieds-toi près de moi. — Sit down next to me.

près d'ici — near here

Est-ce que c'est près d'ici? — Is it near here?

de près — closely

Il a regardé la photo de près. — He looked closely at the photo.

2) (autres locutions)

près de (= environ) — nearly

Il y avait près de cinq cents spectateurs. — There were nearly 500 spectators.

à qch près; à 1kg près — to within about 1kg

On n'est pas à un jour près. — One day won't make any difference., One day either way won't make any difference.

à peu de choses près — more or less

à cela près que — apart from the fact that

être près de faire — to be on the point of doing

Il était près de le dénoncer. — He was on the point of informing on him.

ne pas être près de faire qch — to be not about to do sth

Je ne suis pas près de lui pardonner. — I'm not about to forgive him.

* * *

près

A adv

1 ( non loin dans l'espace) close; la ville est tout près it's no distance to the town, the town is close by; ce n'est pas tout près it's quite a way; c'est plus près qu'on ne pense it's closer than you'd think; se raser de près to have a close shave;

2 ( non loin dans le temps) les vacances sont tout près maintenant the vacation is nearly here ou upon us;

3 fig cela pèse 10 kg, à quelques grammes près it weighs 10 kg, give or take a few grams; ce roman est plutôt bon, à quelques détails près this novel is quite good, apart from the odd detail; à ceci or cela près que except that; il m'a remboursé au centime près he paid me back to the very last penny; à une minute près, j'avais mon train/je battais mon record I was within a minute of catching my train/breaking my record; à une voix près, le projet aurait été adopté the project would have been adopted but for one vote; gagner/perdre à deux voix près to win/lose by two votes; elles sont semblables, à la couleur près they're the same but for the colour^GB; prends ton temps, on n'est pas à cinq minutes près take your time, five minutes won't make any difference; ils ne sont plus à un vol près one more theft won't make any difference to them; je ne suis pas à un paquet de cigarettes près what does the odd packet of cigarettes matter?; précis au millimètre près accurate to within a millimetre^GB; à une exception près with only one exception; à quelques exceptions près with a few rare exceptions.

B près de loc prép

1 ( dans l'espace) near; j'aimerais être près de toi I'd like to be with you; elle habite près d'ici she lives nearby ou near here; être près du but fig to be close to achieving one's goal; la balle est passée très près du cœur the bullet just missed the heart; près d'elle, un enfant jouait a child was playing near her ou beside her; elle est près de lui ( à ses côtés) she's with him;

2 ( dans le temps) near, nearly; il est près de l'âge de la retraite he's near retirement age; il est près de minuit it's nearly midnight; elle est près de la cinquantaine she's nearly fifty; on est près des vacances maintenant the holidays are nearly here ou upon us; être près de faire to be about to do; je ne suis pas près de recommencer/d'y retourner I'm not about to do that again/to go back there again; être près de partir/sombrer to be about to leave/sink; le jour est près de se lever dawn is about to break; je suis près de penser/croire que I almost think/believe that; être près de réussir/de refuser/d'accepter to be about to succeed/to refuse/to accept, to be on the point of succeeding/of refusing/of accepting; ils étaient près de la victoire they were close to victory; le problème n'est pas près d'être résolu the problem is nowhere near solved;

3 (par les idées, les sentiments) close; elle a toujours été très près de sa mère she has always been very close to her mother; ils sont très près l'un de l'autre they are very close; vivre près de la nature to live close to nature;

4 ( presque) nearly, almost; cela coûte près de 1 000 euros it costs nearly ou almost 1,000 euros; il a cessé de fumer pendant près de 20 ans he didn't smoke for nearly 20 years; cela a nécessité près d'un an de travail it involved nearly a year's work; le chômage touche près de 3 millions de personnes unemployment affects nearly ou almost 3 million people; une toile de près de 2 m sur 3 a canvas measuring almost 2 m by 3; cela fait près d'un mois que j'attends I've been waiting close to ou for nearly a month.

C de près loc adv closely; regarder de plus près to take a closer look; regarder/examiner qch de près to look at/to examine sth closely; observer/suivre qn de près to observe/to follow sb closely; surveiller qn/qch de près to keep a close eye on sb/sth; le coup de fusil a été tiré de très près the shot was fired at close range; voir de près to see clearly close up; vu de près, cela rassemble à… seen from close quarters, it looks like…; les examens/concurrents se suivent de près the exams/competitors are close together; les explosions se succédèrent de près the explosions came in close succession; être lié de près à qch to be closely linked with sth; s'intéresser de près à qch to take a close interest in sth; frôler de près la catastrophe to come close to disaster; ne pas y regarder de trop près not to look too closely; voir la mort de près to look death in the face, to come close to death; à y regarder de plus près on closer examination.

D à peu près loc adv ( presque) la rue est à peu près vide the street is practically ou virtually empty; cela coûte à peu près 200 euros it costs about ou around 200 euros; il y a à peu près une heure qu'il est parti he left about an hour ago, it's about an hour since he left; un groupe d'à peu près 50 personnes a group of about ou some 50 people; je pense à peu près comme toi I think more or less the same as you; à peu près de la même façon in much the same way; à peu près semblables pretty much the same; cela désigne à peu près n'importe quoi it refers to just about anything; c'est à peu près tout that's about the size of it; c'est à peu près tout ce qu'on sait sur cette affaire that's just about all we know about this matter.

[prɛ] adverbe

1. [dans l'espace] near, close

cent mètres plus près one hundred metres nearer ou closer

le bureau est tout près the office is very near ou just around the corner

2. [dans le temps] near, close, soon

jeudi c'est trop près, disons plutôt samedi Thursday is too soon, let's say Saturday

————————

[prɛ] préposition

(soutenu)

ambassadeur près le Saint-Siège ambassador to the Holy See

————————

à... près locution correlative

c'est parfait, à un détail près it's perfect but for ou except for one thing

j'ai raté mon train à quelques secondes près I missed my train by a few seconds

vous n'en êtes plus à un procès près what's one more trial to you?

on n'est pas à 50 euros près we can spare 50 euros

tu n'es plus à cinq minutes près another five minutes won't make much difference

————————

à cela près que locution conjonctive

except that

à peu de choses près locution adverbiale

more or less

à peu de choses près, il y en a cinquante there are fifty of them, more or less ou give or take a few

————————

à peu près locution adverbiale

1. [environ] about, around

on était à peu près cinquante there were about ou around fifty of us

2. [plus ou moins] more or less

il sait à peu près comment y aller he knows more or less ou roughly how to get there

————————

de près locution adverbiale

at close range ou quarters

il est rasé de près he's clean-shaven

surveiller quelqu'un de près to keep a close watch ou eye on somebody

frôler quelque chose de près to come within an inch of something

les explosions se sont suivies de très près the explosions took place within seconds of each other

ses enfants se suivent de près her children are close together in age

regarder quelque chose de (très) près

a. (sens propre) to look at something very closely

b. (figuré) to look (very) closely at something, to look carefully into something

étudions la question de plus près let's take a closer look at the problem

cela ressemble, de près ou de loin, à une habile escroquerie however ou whichever way you look at it, it's a skilful piece of fraud

tout ce qui touche, de près ou de loin à everything (which is) even remotely connected with

————————

près de locution prépositionnelle

1. [dans l'espace] near

assieds-toi près de lui sit near him ou next to him

vêtements près du corps close-fitting ou tight-fitting clothes

[affectivement, qualitativement] close to

les premiers candidats sont très près les uns des autres there's very little difference between the first few candidates

être près de ses sous ou de son argent to be tightfisted

2. [dans le temps]

on est près des vacances it's nearly the holidays

il doit être près de la retraite he must be about to retire

nous étions près de partir we were about to leave

vous êtes près d'avoir deviné you've nearly guessed

je ne suis pas près d'oublier ça I'm not about to ou it'll be a long time before I forget that

3. [environ, presque] nearly, almost

on était près de cinquante there were almost ou nearly fifty of us

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > près
7 acercarse

pron.v.

1 to approach, to come near, draw near, to come close to.

2 to be reconciled (amantes).

3 acercarse a (Comp.), to close in on.

* * *

acercarse

► verbo pronominal

1 (aproximarse) to be near

■ se acerca el verano summer is near

2 (ir) to go

■ acércate a la esquina go to the corner

3 (visitar) to drop in, drop by

■ se acercó a vernos he dropped by to see us

* * *

to approach, get closer

* * *

VPR

1) (=aproximarse)

a) [al hablante] to come closer; [a algo alejado del hablante] to get closer

acércate, que te vea — come closer so that I can see you

no te acerques más, que te puedes quemar — don't get any closer, you could burn yourself

al ver que se acercaban, el conductor se paró — when he saw them coming closer o approaching, the driver stopped

unos pasos femeninos se acercaban por el pasillo — a woman's footsteps were coming up the corridor

acercarse a: no te acerques tanto a la mesa — don't get so close to the table

los periodistas no pudieron acercarse al avión — the journalists couldn't get near the plane

me acerqué a la ventana — I went up o over to the window

señores pasajeros, nos estamos acercando a Heathrow — ladies and gentlemen, we're approaching Heathrow

el paro se acerca al 10% — unemployment is approaching 10%

b) (=abordar)

acercarse a algn — [al hablante] to come up to sb; [lejos del hablante] to go up to sb

se me acercó por la espalda — she came up behind me

se le acercaron para pedirle autógrafos — they went up to her to ask for autographs

c)

acercarse algo al oído — to put sth to one's ear

2) [en el tiempo] [acontecimiento, momento] to get closer, get nearer

ya se acercan las vacaciones — the holidays are nearly here, the holidays are getting closer o nearer

se acercaba la hora de despedirnos — it was nearly time to say goodbye

acercarse a — [+ fecha] to approach; [+ situación] to get closer to

se acercan a la edad de la jubilación — they are approaching retirement age

nos acercábamos a la solución — we were getting closer to finding an answer

3) (=ir)

acércate a la tienda y trae una botella de agua — go over to the shop and get a bottle of water

tengo que acercarme a comprar el periódico — I just have to go and buy the paper

ya me acercaré un día a visitaros — one of these days I'll pay you a visit o I'll come and see you

acércate por la oficina cuando puedas — call by the office when you get the chance

4) (=parecerse)

acercarse a algo, nuestros gustos se acercan más a la ópera — our tastes tend more towards opera

los resultados se acercan bastante a lo que esperábamos — the results are fairly close to what we expected

eso se acerca a la herejía — that is verging on heresy

* * *

= be just in the ballpark.

Ex. Many things do not have to be perfect, just in the ballpark.

* * *

= be just in the ballpark.

Ex: Many things do not have to be perfect, just in the ballpark.

* * *

■acercarse verbo reflexivo
1 to approach [a, -]
2 (desplazarse) to go
(venir) to come: dijeron que esta tarde se acercarían por aquí, they said they'd come around here this afternoon
' acercarse' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acercar
- aproximar
- arrimar
- juntar
- rondar
English:
approach
- come up
- creep
- edge
- go over to
- go up
- keep off
- march up to
- near
- ride up
- sneak
- up
- walk up
- zoom in
- clear
- close
- come
- distance
- draw
- go
- gravitate
- keep
- move
- pull
- stay
- walk

* * *

vpr

1. [en el espacio] to come closer, to approach;

acércate más, que no te oigo come closer, I can't hear you;

acércate un poco más a la ventana move a bit closer to the window;

acércate a ver esto come and have a look at this;

no te acerques al precipicio don't go near the edge;

se me acercó una mujer para preguntarme la hora a woman came up to me and asked me the time;
Fig
se acercó a él en busca de protección she turned to him for protection

2. [ir] to go;
[venir] to come;
se acercó a la tienda a por pan she popped out to the shops for some bread;

acércate por aquí un día de estos come over and see us some time

3. [en el tiempo] [fecha, estación, elecciones] to draw nearer, to approach;

se acerca la Navidad Christmas is coming;

nos acercamos al verano it will soon be summer

4. [parecerse]
acercarse a to resemble;

su estilo se acerca más a la poesía que a la prosa his style is closer to poetry than to prose

5. [en negociaciones] [países, bandos] to come closer;

sus posturas se han acercado mucho en las últimas semanas the differences between them have narrowed considerably over recent weeks

* * *

acercarse

v/r

1 approach; de fecha draw near;

se acercó a mí she came up to me o approached me;

no te acerques a la pared don’t get close to the wall;

¡acércate! come closer!

2 ir go;

me acercaré a tu casa I’ll drop by

3 de grupos, países develop closer ties

* * *

vr

aproximarse, arrimarse: to approach, to draw near

* * *

acercarse vb to get nearer / to get closer

acércate más come closer

se acerca el verano summer will soon be here

Spanish-English dictionary > acercarse
8 early

'ə:li
1. adverb
1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) en los inicios, al principio; pronto; temprano

2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) temprano

2. adjective
1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) temprano

2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) antiguo; los primeros; primitivo

3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) temprano

4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) pronto

•

- earliness
- early bird

early adj adv temprano / pronto

the train left early el tren salió antes de hora

do you usually get up early? ¿sueles levantarte temprano?

El comparativo de early se escribe earlier; el superlativo se escribe earliest

early

tr['ɜːlɪ]

adjective (comp earlier, superl earliest)

1 (before expected) temprano,-a, pronto

■ we were early llegamos temprano

■ the baby was a fortnight early el bebé se adelantó quince días

■ early daffodils narcisos tempranos

■ an early reply una respuesta pronta

2 (initial) primero,-a

■ take the early train coge el primer tren de la mañana

■ what are your earliest memories? ¿cuáles son tus primeros recuerdos?

■ in the early stages en los comienzos

3 (near beginning)

■ she's in her early forties tiene poco más de cuarenta años

■ in early January a principios de enero

■ in the early 1960's a principios de los sesenta

■ he started working at an early age se puso a trabajar siendo muy joven

adverb

1 (before expected) temprano, pronto; (soon) pronto

■ the train left ten minutes early el tren salió con diez minutos de adelanto

■ she got up early se levantó temprano

■ they left early se fueron pronto

■ I'll be there as early as possible llegaré tan pronto como sea posible

2 (near beginning) temprano

■ early in the morning a primera hora de la mañana, por la mañana temprano

■ early in the season al principio de la temporada

■ earlier that day antes ese mismo día

■ as early as 1920 ya en 1920

3 (in good time) con tiempo, con anticipación

■ book early to avoid disappointment reserve con tiempo para evitarse una desilusión

■ we got there early to get a good seat llegamos con tiempo para coger buen sitio

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

at the earliest como muy pronto

earlier on antes

it's still early days aún es pronto

at your earliest convenience con la mayor brevedad

the early bird catches the worm a quien madruga Dios le ayuda

to have an early night acostarse pronto

to make an early start salir temprano

early bird / early riser madrugador,-ra

early man el hombre nombre masculino primitivo

early closing day SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL día en que los comercios abren sólo por la mañana

■ Wednesday is early closing day here aquí los miércoles por la tarde todo cierra

early retirement jubilación nombre femenino anticipada

early warning system sistema de alerta roja

the early hours / the early morning la madrugada

early ['ərli] adv, earlier ; - est : temprano, pronto

he arrived early: llegó temprano

as early as possible: lo más pronto posible, cuanto antes

ten minutes early: diez minutos de adelanto

early adj, earlier ; - est

1) (referring to a beginning) : primero

the early stages: las primeras etapas

in early May: a principios de mayo

2) (referring to antiquity) : primitivo, antiguo

early man: el hombre primitivo

early painting: la pintura antigua

3) (referring to a designated time) : temprano, antes de la hora, prematuro

he was early: llegó temprano

early fruit: frutas tempraneras

an early death: una muerte prematura

early

adj.

• adelantado, -a adj.

• primero, -a adj.

• primitivo, -a adj.

• pronto, -a adj.

• tempranero, -a adj.

• temprano, -a adj.

adv.

• al principio adv.

• temprano adv.

I 'ɜːrli, 'ɜːli
adjective -lier, -liest

1) ( before expected time) <arrival/elections> anticipado

to be early — \<\<person\>\> llegar* temprano; \<\<baby\>\> adelantarse

we were 20 minutes early — llegamos con 20 minutos de adelanto

the bus was early — el autobús pasó (or salió etc) antes de la hora

2)

a) ( before normal time)

to have an early night/lunch — acostarse*/comer temprano

early retirement — jubilación f anticipada

b) <crop/variety> temprano, tempranero

3) ( far back in time)

early man — el hombre primitivo

his earliest memories — sus primeros recuerdos

4) ( toward beginning of period)

it's too early to tell — es demasiado pronto para saber

at an early stage — en una etapa temprana

in the early hours of the morning — en las primeras horas de la mañana, de madrugada

in early June — a principios or a comienzos de junio

in early childhood — en la primera infancia

from an early age — desde pequeño, desde temprana edad (liter)

he was in his early twenties — tenía poco más de veinte años

we caught an earlier train — tomamos un tren que salía más temprano

5) ( in near future) pronto

at the earliest possible moment — lo antes or lo más pronto posible

II

adverb -lier, -liest

1) ( before expected time) temprano

the baby arrived two weeks early — el niño se adelantó dos semanas

2) ( before usual time) temprano, pronto (Esp)

3) ( long ago)

it was known as early as 200 BC — ya se sabía en el año 200 A.C

4) ( toward beginning of period)

early in the morning/afternoon — por la mañana/tarde temprano

early in the week/year — a principios de semana/año

early (on) in her career — en los comienzos de su carrera

book early — haga su reserva cuanto antes

5) ( soon) pronto

they won't be here till nine at the earliest — por temprano que lleguen no estarán aquí antes de las nueve

['ɜːlɪ] (compar earlier) (superl earliest)
1. ADJ

1) (=before appointed time)

• to be early — llegar temprano or pronto

you're early! — ¡llegas temprano or pronto!

you're five minutes early — llegas con cinco minutos de adelanto

I was half an hour early for the meeting — llegué a la reunión con media hora de adelanto, llegué a la reunión media hora antes de que empezase

2) (=before usual time) [death, menopause] prematuro, temprano

Easter is early this year — la Semana Santa cae pronto este año

• early frosts — heladas fpl prematuras or tempranas

• to have an early lunch — almorzar temprano, comer temprano

• she was pressurized into an early marriage — la presionaron para que se casase muy joven

• to have an early night — acostarse temprano

• early retirement — jubilación f anticipada

• it was an early summer — el verano se había adelantado, el verano había llegado pronto

3) (=soon) pronto

it's too early to say — es demasiado pronto para saber

• at your earliest convenience — (Comm) con la mayor brevedad posible

4) (=towards beginning)

a) (of morning)

• we need two seats on an early flight — necesitamos dos plazas en un vuelo que salga por la mañana temprano or un vuelo a primera hora de la mañana

• to get up at an early hour — levantarse temprano, levantarse de madrugada

• to keep early hours — acostarse y levantarse temprano

we arrived home in the early hours (of the morning) — llegamos a casa de madrugada

we worked until the early hours of the morning — trabajamos hasta altas horas de la madrugada

• it was early in the morning — era muy de mañana, era muy temprano

in the early morning — a primeras horas de la mañana

we went for an early morning drive — nos fuimos a dar un paseo en coche por la mañana temprano

• to be an early riser — ser madrugador

• to get off to or make an early start — salir temprano

b) [period, process]

the early days/months/years of sth — los primeros días/meses/años de algo

in the early 60s/70s — a principios de los 60/70

she's in her early forties/seventies — tiene poco más de cuarenta/setenta años, tiene cuarenta/setenta y pocos (años)

she became famous in her early thirties — se hizo famosa a los treinta y pocos

there were two early goals — se marcaron dos goles al inicio del partido

in early January/March — a principios de enero/marzo

it's still early — (in process) es pronto todavía

• the early afternoon — a primera hora de la tarde

• at an early age — a una edad temprana

from an early age — desde pequeño, desde una edad temprana frm

• his early career/ childhood — los primeros años de su carrera/infancia

• an early diagnosis — un diagnóstico precoz

• it was early evening — era media tarde

we'll arrive there in the early evening — llegaremos a media tarde

• her early life — los primeros años de su vida

• in the early spring — a principios de la primavera

it flowers from early spring to early autumn — florece desde principios de la primavera a principios del otoño

• the disease is hard to detect in its early stages — es difícil detectar la enfermedad en sus fases iniciales

at an earlier stage of the project — en una etapa anterior del proyecto

• he's in his early teens — tendrá unos trece o catorce años

he began painting in his early teens — empezó a pintar a los trece o catorce años

• his early youth — su primera juventud

it's early days yet —

we may have to modify the plans, but it's early days yet — (esp Brit) quizás tengamos que modificar los planes, pero aún es pronto para saberlo

5) (=first) [man, Church] primitivo; [settlers, pioneers, Christians] primer

the early Victorians — los primeros victorianos

an early Victorian table — una mesa de principios de la era victoriana

Shakespeare's early work — las primeras obras de Shakespeare

6) (Hort) [fruit, vegetable, crop] temprano

2. ADV

1) (=ahead of time) [arrive, leave, get up, go to bed] temprano, pronto

he arrived ten minutes early — llegó diez minutos antes de la hora, llegó con diez minutos de anticipación

he took his summer holiday early — se tomó las vacaciones de verano pronto

to book early — reservar con anticipación

I don't want to get there too early — no quiero llegar demasiado pronto

- early to bed, early to rise
bright 2.
2) (=soon) pronto

the earliest I can do it is Tuesday — lo más pronto que lo podré hacer será el martes

as early as possible — lo más pronto posible, cuanto antes

as early as 1978 — ya en 1978

3) (=towards beginning of sth)

a) (in morning) temprano

you get up too early — te levantas demasiado temprano, madrugas demasiado

b) (in period, process)

• early in sth, early in the afternoon — a primera hora de la tarde

early in the book — en las primeras páginas del libro

early in the war — a principios de la guerra

early in the week — a principios de semana

early in the year — a principios de año

early in 1915 — a principios de 1915

early in his life — en su juventud

Red Ribbon fell early in the race — Red Ribbon tuvo una caída al principio de la carrera

• early last century — a principios del siglo pasado

• early next year — a principios del año que viene

• early on in his career — en los primeros años de su carrera

earlier on — anteriormente, antes

• early this month — a principios de (este) mes

• early today — a primera hora de hoy

3.

CPD

early bird * N — madrugador(a) m / f

- it's the early bird that catches the worm

early closing N — (also: early-closing day) (Brit) día en que muchas tiendas solo abren por la mañana

early closing is on Mondays — el lunes muchas tiendas solo abren por la mañana

the Early Middle Ages NPL — la Alta Edad Media

early riser N — madrugador(a) m / f

early warning radar system N — sistema m de radar de alerta temprana

early warning system N — sistema m de alarma temprana or precoz, sistema m de alerta temprana or precoz

pain acts as the body's early warning system — el dolor actúa como un sistema de alarma or alerta precoz

* * *

I ['ɜːrli, 'ɜːli]
adjective -lier, -liest

1) ( before expected time) <arrival/elections> anticipado

to be early — \<\<person\>\> llegar* temprano; \<\<baby\>\> adelantarse

we were 20 minutes early — llegamos con 20 minutos de adelanto

the bus was early — el autobús pasó (or salió etc) antes de la hora

2)

a) ( before normal time)

to have an early night/lunch — acostarse*/comer temprano

early retirement — jubilación f anticipada

b) <crop/variety> temprano, tempranero

3) ( far back in time)

early man — el hombre primitivo

his earliest memories — sus primeros recuerdos

4) ( toward beginning of period)

it's too early to tell — es demasiado pronto para saber

at an early stage — en una etapa temprana

in the early hours of the morning — en las primeras horas de la mañana, de madrugada

in early June — a principios or a comienzos de junio

in early childhood — en la primera infancia

from an early age — desde pequeño, desde temprana edad (liter)

he was in his early twenties — tenía poco más de veinte años

we caught an earlier train — tomamos un tren que salía más temprano

5) ( in near future) pronto

at the earliest possible moment — lo antes or lo más pronto posible

II

adverb -lier, -liest

1) ( before expected time) temprano

the baby arrived two weeks early — el niño se adelantó dos semanas

2) ( before usual time) temprano, pronto (Esp)

3) ( long ago)

it was known as early as 200 BC — ya se sabía en el año 200 A.C

4) ( toward beginning of period)

early in the morning/afternoon — por la mañana/tarde temprano

early in the week/year — a principios de semana/año

early (on) in her career — en los comienzos de su carrera

book early — haga su reserva cuanto antes

5) ( soon) pronto

they won't be here till nine at the earliest — por temprano que lleguen no estarán aquí antes de las nueve

English-spanish dictionary > early
9 vicino

"contiguous;

Benachbart;

vizinho"

* * *

1. adj near, close

vicino a near, close to

( accanto a) next to

da vicino esaminare closely

visto close up

2. adv nearby, close by

3. m, vicina f neighbo(u)r

* * *

vicino agg.

1 ( nello spazio e nel tempo) near (by), close; near at hand (pred.): siamo vicini a casa, we're near (o close to) home; fermiamoci all'albergo più vicino, let's stop at the nearest hotel; ''é lontana la fermata del tram?'' ''No, è vicinissima'', ''Is the tram stop a long way off?'' ''No, it's very near (o it's nearby)''; Natale è ormai vicino, Christmas is near at hand // un uomo più vicino ai cinquanta che ai quaranta, a man closer to fifty (years of age) than forty // l'inverno era ormai vicino, winter was drawing near // gli esami sono vicini, it's almost exam time (o the exams are almost on top of us) // state vicini, altrimenti vi perdete, keep close together, or you'll lose one another // siamo molto vicini di età, there isn't much between us (o we're very close together in age)

2 ( limitrofo) neighbouring (attr.); ( adiacente) adjoining, adjacent; next: il villaggio vicino, the neighbouring village; abita nella casa vicina, he lives next door; la biblioteca è nella stanza vicina, the library is in the adjoining (o adjacent o next) room; i due appartamenti sono vicini ( tra loro), the two flats are adjoining (o adjacent) (o are next to each other) // il vicino Oriente, the Near East

3 (fig.) ( riferito a rapporti di parentela o amicizia) close: è un mio vicino parente, he is a close relative of mine // mi è stato vicino in quel momento difficile, he stood by me (o he was close to me) at that difficult time

4 (fig.) ( simile, affine) close: è un colore più vicino al rosso che al viola, it's (a colour) closer to red than purple; le nostre idee sono molto vicine alle vostre, our ideas are very close to yours

◆ s.m. neighbour: i nostri vicini di casa, our neighbours; essere vicini di casa, to be next-door neighbours; il mio vicino di tavolo, the person sitting next to me at table.

vicino avv. near (by), close, near by, close by: abitiamo vicino, we live near (o close) by; lavoro qui vicino, I work nearby (o near here); è successo lì vicino, it happened near (o close to) there; sta' vicino!, keep close!; venite più vicino, come closer; non ha indovinato, ma c'è andato vicino, he didn't guess right, but he was close // da vicino, (from) close up: vedi bene da vicino?, can you see well from close up?; fatti vedere da vicino, let me see you (from) close up; la foto è presa troppo da vicino, the photo was taken (from) too close up; guardare, esaminare qlco. da vicino, più da vicino, to look at, to examine sthg. from close up, from closer (o to give a close, closer look at sthg.); conoscere qlcu. da vicino, to know s.o. well.

* * *
[vi'tʃino] vicino (-a)
1. agg

1) (a poca distanza) near, nearby, (paese) neighbouring Brit, neighboring Am, nearby

vicino a — near, close to

un paese vicino — a nearby village

l'interruttore della luce è vicino alla porta — the light switch is near the door

la stazione è vicina — the station is near, the station is close (by)

dov'è il ristorante più vicino? — where is the nearest restaurant?

quei quadri sono troppo vicini — those pictures are too close (together o to each other)

mi sono stati molto vicini fig — they were very supportive towards me

2) (accanto) next

la mia stanza è vicina alla tua — my room is next to yours

3) (nel tempo) near, close at hand

la fine è vicina — the end is near o imminent

siamo vicini alla fine — we've almost o nearly finished

le vacanze sono vicine — the holidays are Brit o the vacation is Am approaching

è vicina ai trent'anni — she's almost thirty

2. avv

1) (a poca distanza) near, nearby, close (by), (nel tempo) near, close

vieni più vicino — come closer

abitiamo qui vicino — we live near here

stai vicino! — stay close to me!

2)

da vicino — close to, (esaminare, seguire) closely, (sparare) at close quarters

guardare qc da vicino — to take a close look at sth

guardalo da vicino! — take a close look at it!

da vicino è più bella — she's much prettier when you see her close up

fai la fotografia da vicino — take the photograph close up

3)

vicino a — close to, near (to), (accanto a) beside, next to

vivono vicino al mare — they live close to o near the sea

era seduto vicino a me — he was sitting near me, (accanto a) he was sitting next to o beside me

state vicino a vostro padre (anche) fig — stay close to your father

ci sono andato vicino — (fig : quasi indovinato) I almost got it

3. sm/f

neighbour Brit, neighbor Am

i nostri vicini di casa — our next-door neighbo(u)rs

il mio vicino di banco — the person at the desk next to mine, my neighbo(u)r

* * *
[vi'tʃino] 1.
aggettivo

1) (nello spazio) near mai attrib., close mai attrib., nearby attrib.; (confinante) neighbouring attrib. BE, neighboring attrib. AE

le scrivanie sono molto -e — the desks are close together

in una città -a — in a neighbouring town

dov'è l'ospedale più vicino? — where is the nearest hospital?

la nostra meta è -a — fig. our goal is in sight

2) (nel tempo) (imminente) [data, evento] close, near (at hand)

le vacanze sono -e — holidays are near at hand o are getting close

l'estate è ormai -a — summer is drawing near now

essere vicino alla pensione — to be approaching retirement

non si è ancora -i a una soluzione — there's no solution in sight

3) (simile) [idee, risultati, valori, significati] similar

4) (sul piano affettivo) [ persona] close (a to)
2.
sostantivo maschile (f. -a)

1) (di casa) neighbour BE, neighbor AE

il gatto, il giardino dei -i — next door's cat, garden

2) (che si trova accanto)

il mio vicino di tavolo — the man o person next to me at table
3.
avverbio

1) near, close

abitare vicino — to live close(ly)

vieni più vicino — come closer

qui vicino — near here

2) da vicino

seguire da vicino — to follow closely

esaminare qcs. da vicino — to have a close look at sth.

visto da vicino è brutto — seen at close quarters, he's ugly

3) vicino a near, close to

abito vicino a Torino — I live near Turin

sedere vicino al finestrino — to sit at o by the window

sedeva vicino a lui — she was sitting next to o beside him

una casa vicino al mare — a house by the sea

non ho vinto ma ci sono andato vicino — I didn't win but I came close

* * *

vicino

/vi't∫ino/

Per scegliere il corretto equivalente inglese dell'italiano vicino tra near, nearby, close, next to, beside, by, around, neighbouring, neighbour ecc., bisogna prima stabilire se vicino è usato come aggettivo, avverbio, nella locuzione prepositiva vicino a oppure come sostantivo, e se dal punto di vista semantico si riferisce allo spazio, al tempo o ad altro, e se è inteso in senso proprio o figurato. La struttura della voce qui sotto e gli esempi aiuteranno nella scelta. - Si noti in particolare l'uso di close e near: quando questi aggettivi si riferiscono a una vicinanza nello spazio compaiono solo nella locuzione preposizionale vicino a ( il mio ufficio è vicino alla chiesa = my office is close to / near the church) o in funzione predicativa ( il mio ufficio è molto vicino = my office is quite near / close), mentre in funzione attributiva davanti a un nome si deve usare nearby ( il vicino ristorante = the nearby restaurant) o la forma al superlativo the nearest ( il ristorante più vicino = the nearest restaurant).

I aggettivo

1 (nello spazio) near mai attrib., close mai attrib., nearby attrib.; (confinante) neighbouring attrib. BE, neighboring attrib. AE; le scrivanie sono molto -e the desks are close together; in una città -a in a neighbouring town; dov'è l'ospedale più vicino? where is the nearest hospital? la nostra meta è -a fig. our goal is in sight

2 (nel tempo) (imminente) [data, evento] close, near (at hand); le vacanze sono -e holidays are near at hand o are getting close; l'estate è ormai -a summer is drawing near now; essere vicino alla pensione to be approaching retirement; non si è ancora -i a una soluzione there's no solution in sight

3 (simile) [idee, risultati, valori, significati] similar

4 (sul piano affettivo) [ persona] close (a to)

II sostantivo maschile

(f. -a)

1 (di casa) neighbour BE, neighbor AE; il gatto, il giardino dei -i next door's cat, garden

2 (che si trova accanto) il mio vicino di tavolo the man o person next to me at table

III avverbio

1 near, close; abitare vicino to live close(ly); vieni più vicino come closer; qui vicino near here

2 da vicino seguire da vicino to follow closely; esaminare qcs. da vicino to have a close look at sth.; visto da vicino è brutto seen at close quarters, he's ugly

3 vicino a near, close to; abito vicino a Torino I live near Turin; sedere vicino al finestrino to sit at o by the window; sedeva vicino a lui she was sitting next to o beside him; una casa vicino al mare a house by the sea; non ho vinto ma ci sono andato vicino I didn't win but I came close.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > vicino
10 early

1. adjective
früh

I am a bit early — ich bin etwas zu früh gekommen od. (ugs.) dran

the train was 10 minutes early — der Zug kam 10 Minuten zu früh

have an early night — früh ins Bett gehen

early riser — Frühaufsteher, der/-aufsteherin, die

at the earliest — frühestens

in the early afternoon/evening — am frühen Nachmittag/Abend

into the early hours — bis in die frühen Morgenstunden

at/from an early age — in jungen Jahren/von klein auf

at an early stage, in its early stages — im Frühstadium

an early work of an author — ein Frühwerk eines Autors
2. adverb
früh

early next week — Anfang der nächsten Woche

early next Wednesday — nächsten Mittwoch früh

early in June — Anfang Juni

as early as tomorrow — schon od. bereits morgen

the earliest I can come is Friday — ich kann frühestens Freitag kommen

early on — schon früh

earlier on this week/year — früher in der Woche/im Jahr

* * *
['ə:li] 1. adverb
1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) früh

2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) zu früh
2. adjective
1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) früh

2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) frühzeitig

3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) zu früh

4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) baldig

•

- academic.ru/23091/earliness">earliness
- early bird
* * *

ear·ly

<-ier, -iest or more \early, most \early>

[ˈɜ:li, AM ˈɜ:r-]

I. adj

1. (in the day) früh

she usually has an \early breakfast sie frühstückt meistens zeitig

\early edition Morgenausgabe f

the \early hours die frühen Morgenstunden

in the \early morning am frühen Morgen

\early morning call Weckruf m

\early riser Frühaufsteher(in) m(f)

2. (of a period) früh, Früh-

she is in her \early thirties sie ist Anfang dreißig

in the \early afternoon am frühen Nachmittag

at an \early age in jungen Jahren

from an \early age von klein auf

in the \early 15th century Anfang [o zu Beginn] des 15. Jahrhunderts

\early education Früherziehung f, Vorschulerziehung f

to score an \early goal ein frühes Tor erzielen

\early potatoes Frühkartoffeln pl

\early returns erste Wahlergebnisse

\early Romantic Frühromantiker(in) m(f)

\early stage Anfangsstadium nt, Frühstadium f

3. attr ( form: prompt) schnell, baldig

\early payment appreciated um baldige Zahlung wird gebeten

4. (ahead of expected time) vorzeitig; (comparatively early) [früh]zeitig

I took an \early train home from work today ich habe heute nach der Arbeit einen früheren Zug genommen

you are \early du bist früh dran fam

to have an \early dinner/lunch früh zu Abend/Mittag essen

to have an \early night früh schlafen [o zu Bett] gehen

\early parole vorzeitige [Haft]entlassung

\early retirement vorzeitiger [o vorgezogener] Ruhestand, Frühpension f ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ

to take \early retirement vorzeitig in den Ruhestand gehen, in Frühpension gehen ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ

5. attr (first) erste(r, s), frühe(r, s)

the \early Christians die ersten Christen

the E\early Church die Urkirche

the \early masters ART die frühen Meister

II. adv

1. (in the day) früh, zeitig

to get up [or rise] \early früh aufstehen

2. (in good time) vorzeitig

to arrive \early zeitig eintreffen

3. (ahead of expected time) vorzeitig; (prematurely) zu früh; (comparatively early) [früh]zeitig

the plane landed 20 minutes \early das Flugzeug landete 20 Minuten früher [als geplant]

to die \early früh sterben

4. (of a period) früh

I'll call you \early next Monday/tomorrow ich rufe dich Montag/morgen Vormittag an

\early [on] in life früh im Leben

\early in the week Anfang der Woche

\early in October Anfang Oktober

\early next week Anfang nächster Woche

* * *
['ɜːlɪ]
1. adv

1)

early (on) — früh

early in 1915/in February — Anfang 1915/Februar

early (on) in the year/(the) winter —

early (on) in the war — in der Anfangsphase des Krieges

early (on) in his/her/their etc life — in jungen Jahren

early (on) in the race — zu Anfang des Rennens

early (on) in the evening/morning —

he got up very early in the morning — er stand sehr früh (am Morgen) auf

she learned to read as early as four — sie lernte schon mit vier Jahren lesen

early this month/year —

early next month/year — Anfang nächsten Monats/Jahres

early today/this morning — heute früh

the earliest he can come is tomorrow — er kann frühestens morgen kommen

2) (= before the expected time) früher (als erwartet); (= before the appointed time) zu früh; (= earlier than usual) früh

she left ten minutes early — sie ist zehn Minuten früher gegangen

to be five minutes/an hour early —

he was early for the meeting — er kam zu früh zu der Besprechung

he left school early (went home) — er ging früher von der Schule nach Hause; (finished education) er ging vorzeitig von der Schule ab

to get up/go to bed early —

good morning, you're early today — guten Morgen, Sie sind heute ja früh dran

early to bed, early to rise (makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise) (Prov) — früh ins Bett und früh heraus, frommt dem Leib, dem Geist, dem Haus (Prov)

See:

→ bright

2. adj (+er)

1) früh

it was early evening when we finished — wir waren am frühen Abend fertig

we went for an early morning drive or a drive in the early morning — wir machten eine Spritztour am frühen Morgen

we had an early lunch — wir aßen früh zu Mittag

in early summer/autumn — zu Sommer-/Herbstanfang, im Frühsommer/Frühherbst

in early spring/winter — zu Frühlings-/Winteranfang

the early years/months/days — die ersten Jahre/Monate/Tage

early January/August etc — Anfang Januar/August etc

in the early 60s/1980s etc — Anfang der sechziger/achtziger etc Jahre or Sechziger-/Achtzigerjahre etc

to have an early night — früh ins Bett gehen

to keep early hours — früh ins Bett gehen und früh aufstehen

the early hours — die frühen Morgenstunden

until or into the early hours — bis in die frühen Morgenstunden

her early life — ihre jungen Jahre

his early work — seine frühen Werke, sein Frühwerk nt

at an early age — in jungen Jahren

from an early age — von klein auf

since early childhood — seit seiner/ihrer etc frühen Kindheit

in his early teens — im frühen Teenageralter

to be in one's early thirties/forties etc —

it's too early to say/to say whether... — es ist noch zu früh, um etwas zu sagen/um zu sagen, ob...

it is too early to know what his motives are —

it's too early for a final decision — es ist zu früh, um eine endgültige Entscheidung zu fällen

only her voice has changed from those early days — nur ihre Stimme ist anders als damals zu Anfang

it's early days (yet) (esp Brit) — wir/sie etc sind noch im Anfangsstadium

early identification (Med) — Früherkennung f

2) (= before expected time) flowers früh blühend; cabbage, peas etc, crop früh; death vorzeitig; marriage früh; menopause verfrüht

early vegetables — Frühgemüse nt

an early spring — ein zeitiger Frühling

3) (from historical perspective) settlers, man frühgeschichtlich

the early church —

early Christians — Urchristen pl

an early form of hypnotherapy — eine Frühform der Hypnotherapie

early baroque — Frühbarock m

4)

(= soon) at an early date — bald

at the earliest possible moment — so bald wie irgend möglich

to promise early delivery — baldige Lieferung versprechen

See:

→ convenience

* * *

early [ˈɜːlı; US ˈɜrliː]

A adv

1. früh, (früh)zeitig;

early in the day (year) früh am Tag (im Jahr);

early in the morning früh am Morgen, am frühen Morgen, frühmorgens;

early in life früh im Leben;

early in May Anfang Mai;

early in 1996 Anfang 1996;

early last week Anfang letzter Woche;

as early as May schon im Mai;

as early as the times of Chaucer schon zu Chaucers Zeiten;

early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise (Sprichwort) Morgenstunde hat Gold im Munde; → afternoon A

2. bald:

as early as possible so bald wie möglich

3. am Anfang:

early on

a) schon früh(zeitig),

b) bald;

early on in anfangs (gen)

4. a) zu früh:

he arrived an hour early

b) früher:

he left a few minutes early

B adj

1. früh, (früh)zeitig:

early riser, hum early bird Frühaufsteher(in);

be an early riser auch früh aufstehen;

the early bird catches ( oder gets) the worm (Sprichwort) Morgenstunde hat Gold im Munde;

keep early hours früh aufstehen und früh zu Bett gehen;

at this early stage schon jetzt;

the early summer der Frühsommer;

at an early hour zu früher Stunde;

it is still early days es ist noch zu früh am Tage;

in the early eighties (am) Anfang der Achtzigerjahre;

he’s in his early forties er ist Anfang der Vierziger

2. a) vorzeitig, früh:

her early death;

his early release seine vorzeitige Entlassung;

early school leaver Schulabbrecher(in)

b) vorgezogen (Wahl)

3. zu früh:

you are early today du bist heute (etwas) zu früh (daran);

he was born two months early er kam zwei Monate zu früh auf die Welt

4. früh, Jugend…:

in his early days in seiner Jugend

5. früh (reifend):

early fruit Frühobst n

6. anfänglich, Früh…, früh, erst(er, e, es):

early Christian frühchristlich;

the early Christians die ersten Christen, die Frühchristen;

early history Frühgeschichte f, frühe Geschichte;

early pace SPORT Anfangstempo n

7. baldig (Antwort etc)

* * *
1. adjective
früh

I am a bit early — ich bin etwas zu früh gekommen od. (ugs.) dran

the train was 10 minutes early — der Zug kam 10 Minuten zu früh

have an early night — früh ins Bett gehen

early riser — Frühaufsteher, der/-aufsteherin, die

at the earliest — frühestens

in the early afternoon/evening — am frühen Nachmittag/Abend

into the early hours — bis in die frühen Morgenstunden

at/from an early age — in jungen Jahren/von klein auf

at an early stage, in its early stages — im Frühstadium

an early work of an author — ein Frühwerk eines Autors
2. adverb
früh

early next week — Anfang der nächsten Woche

early next Wednesday — nächsten Mittwoch früh

early in June — Anfang Juni

as early as tomorrow — schon od. bereits morgen

the earliest I can come is Friday — ich kann frühestens Freitag kommen

early on — schon früh

earlier on this week/year — früher in der Woche/im Jahr

* * *

adj.

baldig adj.

früh adj.

zeitig adj.

English-german dictionary > early
11 early

early [ˈɜ:lɪ]

1. adjective

   a. ( = near beginning of period) [years, days, film, book] premier

• the early hours les premières heures fpl

• in the early 90s au début des années 90

• in the early afternoon en début d'après-midi

• at an early age (très) jeune

• in early childhood pendant la petite enfance

• the early days of the project les débuts mpl du projet

• to be an early example of sth être un des premiers exemples de qch

• two early goals deux buts mpl en début de match

• early January début janvier

• in its early stages à ses débuts

• in early summer au début de l'été

• to be in one's early thirties avoir un peu plus de trente ans

   b. (in day) tôt

• don't go, it's still early ne t'en va pas, il est encore tôt

• we've got an early start tomorrow nous partons tôt demain

• I caught an early train j'ai pris un train tôt le matin

• it was early evening when we finished nous avons fini tôt dans la soirée

• in the early morning tôt le matin

• it's too early to say il est trop tôt pour le dire

• it's early days (inf) (British) il est trop tôt pour en juger

   c. ( = before expected time) [departure, death] prématuré ; [flowers, crop] précoce

• to be early [person, train] être en avance

• I was two hours early j'étais deux heures en avance

• too early trop tôt

• to be early for an appointment arriver en avance à un rendez-vous

• Easter is early this year Pâques est tôt cette année

• to have an early lunch déjeuner tôt

• to have an early night se coucher tôt

   d. ( = occurring in near future) at an early date bientôt

• "hoping for an early reply" « dans l'espoir d'une prompte réponse »

2. adverb

   a. ( = near beginning of period) [start] tôt

• as early as next week dès la semaine prochaine

• early next month/year tôt le mois prochain/l'année prochaine

• early on très tôt

• early on in his career au début de sa carrière

• early this month/year tôt dans le mois/l'année

• early today tôt dans la journée

• early yesterday hier en début de matinée

► early in

• early in 1915 au début de 1915

• early in the year au début de l'année

• early in May début mai

• early in life tôt dans la vie

• early in the book au début du livre

• early in the morning tôt le matin

   b. [get up, go to bed, set off] tôt, de bonne heure

• early next day tôt le lendemain

• too early trop tôt

   c. ( = before usual time) [arrive, end] en avance ; [flower, harvest] tôt

3. compounds

► early bird (inf) noun lève-tôt (inf) mf inv

► early closing, early closing day noun (British) jour de fermeture l'après-midi

► early retirement noun retraite f anticipée

► early riser noun lève-tôt (inf) mf inv

* * *
['ɜːlɪ] 1.
adjective

1) ( one of the first) [attempt, role, years, novel, play] premier/-ière

early man — les premiers hommes

2) ( sooner than usual) [death] prématuré; [delivery, settlement] rapide; [vegetable, fruit] précoce

to have an early lunch/night — déjeuner/se coucher tôt

to take early retirement — partir en préretraite

at the earliest possible opportunity — le plus tôt possible

at your earliest convenience — sout à votre convenance fml

3) ( in period of time)

in early childhood — dans la petite ou première enfance

at an early age — à un très jeune âge

to be in one's early thirties — avoir entre 30 et 35 ans

to make an early start — partir tôt

to take the early train — prendre le premier train

at the earliest — au plus tôt

the earliest I can manage is Monday — je ne peux rien faire avant lundi

at an early hour — très tôt

in the early hours — au petit matin

in the early spring — au début du printemps

in the early afternoon — en début d'après-midi

an earlier attempt — une tentative précédente
2.
adverb

1) ( in period of time) tôt

it's too early to say — il est trop tôt pour le dire

can you make it earlier? — ( arranging time) pouvez-vous plus tôt?

as early as 1983 — dès 1983

early next year — au début de l'année prochaine

early in the afternoon — en début d'après-midi

(very) early on — dès le début

as I said earlier — comme je l'ai déjà dit

2) (before expected, too soon) en avance

I'm a bit early — je suis un peu en avance

to do something two days/three weeks early — faire quelque chose avec deux jours/trois semaines d'avance

to retire early — partir en préretraite

••

it's early days yet — ce n'est que le début

it's the early bird that catches the worm — Prov l'avenir appartient à ceux qui se lèvent tôt

to be an early bird — être un/-e lève-tôt

English-French dictionary > early
12 early

['ɜːlɪ] 1.
aggettivo

1) (one of the first) [attempt, role, play] primo

early man — uomo primitivo

2) (sooner than usual) [ death] prematuro; [delivery, settlement] rapido; [vegetable, fruit] precoce, primaticcio

to have an early lunch, night — pranzare, andare a letto presto

to take early retirement — andare in prepensionamento

at the earliest possible opportunity — alla primissima occasione

at your earliest convenience — form. non appena possibile, con cortese sollecitudine

3) (in period of time)

in early childhood — nella prima infanzia

at an early age — in giovane età

to be in one's early thirties — essere sulla trentina

to make an early start — partire presto o di buonora

to take the early train — prendere il primo treno

at the earliest — al più presto

the earliest I can manage is Monday — non posso prima di lunedì

at an early hour — di buonora

in the early 60's — nei primi anni 60

in the early spring — all'inizio della primavera

in the early afternoon — nel primo pomeriggio

at an early date — (in future) in data vicina, prossimamente

an earlier attempt — un tentativo precedente
2.
avverbio

1) (in period of time) [arrive, book] presto, per tempo; [get up, go to bed] presto, di buonora

it's too early to say — è troppo presto per dirlo

as early as possible — al più presto possibile

as early as 1983 — fin dal 1983

early next year, in the film — all'inizio del prossimo anno, del film

early in the afternoon — nel primo pomeriggio

(very) early on — agli inizi o albori

2) (before expected) [arrive, ripen] in anticipo

I'm a bit early — sono un po' in anticipo

to do sth. two days early — fare qcs. con due giorni di anticipo

to retire early — andare in prepensionamento

••

early to bed early to rise — il mattino ha l'oro in bocca

it's early days yet — è solo l'inizio, è presto per dirlo

it's the early bird that catches the worm! — prov. chi dorme non piglia pesci!

to be an early bird o riser — essere mattiniero

* * *
['ə:li] 1. adverb
1) (near the beginning (of a period of time etc): early in my life; early in the afternoon.) presto

2) (sooner than others; sooner than usual; sooner than expected or than the appointed time: He arrived early; She came an hour early.) presto
2. adjective
1) (belonging to, or happening, near the beginning of a period of time etc: early morning; in the early part of the century.) presto, all'inizio di

2) (belonging to the first stages of development: early musical instruments.) primitivo, antico

3) (happening etc sooner than usual or than expected: the baby's early arrival; It's too early to get up yet.) prematuro; presto

4) (prompt: I hope for an early reply to my letter.) pronto

•

- earliness
- early bird
* * *
['ɜːlɪ] 1.
aggettivo

1) (one of the first) [attempt, role, play] primo

early man — uomo primitivo

2) (sooner than usual) [ death] prematuro; [delivery, settlement] rapido; [vegetable, fruit] precoce, primaticcio

to have an early lunch, night — pranzare, andare a letto presto

to take early retirement — andare in prepensionamento

at the earliest possible opportunity — alla primissima occasione

at your earliest convenience — form. non appena possibile, con cortese sollecitudine

3) (in period of time)

in early childhood — nella prima infanzia

at an early age — in giovane età

to be in one's early thirties — essere sulla trentina

to make an early start — partire presto o di buonora

to take the early train — prendere il primo treno

at the earliest — al più presto

the earliest I can manage is Monday — non posso prima di lunedì

at an early hour — di buonora

in the early 60's — nei primi anni 60

in the early spring — all'inizio della primavera

in the early afternoon — nel primo pomeriggio

at an early date — (in future) in data vicina, prossimamente

an earlier attempt — un tentativo precedente
2.
avverbio

1) (in period of time) [arrive, book] presto, per tempo; [get up, go to bed] presto, di buonora

it's too early to say — è troppo presto per dirlo

as early as possible — al più presto possibile

as early as 1983 — fin dal 1983

early next year, in the film — all'inizio del prossimo anno, del film

early in the afternoon — nel primo pomeriggio

(very) early on — agli inizi o albori

2) (before expected) [arrive, ripen] in anticipo

I'm a bit early — sono un po' in anticipo

to do sth. two days early — fare qcs. con due giorni di anticipo

to retire early — andare in prepensionamento

••

early to bed early to rise — il mattino ha l'oro in bocca

it's early days yet — è solo l'inizio, è presto per dirlo

it's the early bird that catches the worm! — prov. chi dorme non piglia pesci!

to be an early bird o riser — essere mattiniero

English-Italian dictionary > early
13 live

1. I
abs

1) an creatures have an equal right to live все живое имеет равные права на жизнь; life is worth living стоит жить; while my father lived когда был жив мой отец /при жизни моего отца/; she is very ill live the doctors do not think she will live она очень больна, врачи считают, что она не выживет; the doctor said the patient would live врач сказал, что больной будет жить; one lives and learns век живи, век учись; as long as I live пока я жив...; he'll be a fool as long as he lives он всю жизнь будет дураком; make a historical character live вдохнуть жизнь в историческое лицо, дать живое описание исторического лица; his name (her memory, the legend, hope, etc.) will live его имя и т. д. будет жить /не умрет/

2) I don't want to spend all my days in a small village, I want to live я не хочу /не желаю/ прозябать всю жизнь в этой деревушке, я хочу жить; at 40 she was just beginning to live в сорок лет она только начинала жить /наслаждаться жизнью/; he knows how to live он знает, как надо жить || there lived a king жил-был король
2. II
live for some time live long (forever, etc.) долго и т. д. жить; he has not long to live ему недолго остается жить; а better man never lived на свете не было человека лучше; live in same manner live honestly (simply, happily, honourably, well, comfortably, fashionably, etc.) жить честно и т. д., вести честный и т. д. образ жизни; live hard вести трудную жизнь /жизнь, полную трудностей/; live fast вести легкомысленный образ жизни; live high жить богато /на широкую ногу/; they can barely live они едва сводят концы с концами; live from hand to mouth с трудом перебиваться, влачить жалкое существование; live from day to day кое-как перебиваться; live somewhere live near (far, out west, down south, up north, abroad, etc.) жить /проживать/ близко и т. д.; live in жить по месту службы; the nurses live in медсестры живут при больнице; live out жить /иметь квартиру/ отдельно от места службы; all her servants live out у нее вся прислуга приходящая; he lives next-door он живет рядом; he is living at home at present он сейчас живет дома; I expect to live here for two months я собираюсь прожить здесь два месяца
3. III
1) live so much time live fifty years (a short life, a long life, etc.) прожить пятьдесят лет и т. д.

2) live a certain kind of life live a happy (good, bad, quiet, virtuous, etc.) life прожить счастливую и т. д. жизнь; live the life of a hermit жить отшельником; live an idle life вести праздную жизнь /праздный образ жизни/; live a double life веста двойную жизнь; жить двойной жизнью; live a saint жить как святой; live a bachelor жить холостяком, вести холостяцкую жизнь
4. IV
live one's life at some place he lived most of his life abroad (at home, here, etc.) он провел большую часть жизни за границей и т. д.
5. XI
be lived in the room doesn't seem to be lived in комната имеет нежилой вид; the house looks well lived in дом выглядит вполне обжитым
6. XIII
live to do smth. live to be eighty (to be old, to see the day, when..., to see one's grandchildren, etc.) дожить до восьмидесята лет и т. Л; he did not live to finish the work он не смог при жизни завершить эту работу; he did not live to see its success успех пришел уже после его смерти; you will live to repent it ты об этом еще пожалеешь
7. XV
|| live alone жить одиноко; he lives alone он живет один
8. XVI
1) live to a certain age live to a hundred (to a good old age, to a great ripe age, to the age of ninety-two, beyond seventy, etc.) дожить до ста лет и т. д., live through smth. live through two wars and three revolutions (through a political crisis, through financial difficulties, etc.) пережить две войны и три революции и т. д.; can he live through the night? переживет ли он эту ночь?; do you think I'll live through it, doctor? вы думаете, я выдержу /перенесу/ это, доктор?; live till some time live till May (till tomorrow, etc.) дожить до мая и т. д.; live in smth. no ship could live in such a rough sea ни один корабль не мог выдержать такого бурного моря не мог уцелеть в такой шторм/; live in smth. live in smb.'s memory жить в чьей-л. памяти, не быть забытым; the incident still lives in my memory я до сих пор ясно помню этот случай; his name (the speech, etc.) will live in history его имя и т. д. останется в истории

2) live in some state live in poverty (in luxury, in peace with all the neighbours, in close friendship with smb., in retirement, in obscurity, in solitude, in sin, in hope, etc.) жить в бедности и т. д., live in [great /grand/] style жить на широкую ногу; live in a small way жить скромно; live in the shadow держаться в тени; live in one's trunks жить на колесах, переезжать с места на место; live in the present (in the past, in the future) жить настоящим ( прошлым, будущим); live on smth. live on one's pension (on one's income, on one's wife's income, on L 5 a month, on one's savings, etc.) жить /существовать/ на пенсию и т. д., schools which live on the fees of their students школы, которые существуют на средства, получаемые от платы за обучение; he has enough to live on он зарабатывает достаточно на жизнь, ему хватает на жизнь; how does he manage to live on that salary? как он умудряется прожить на такое жалованье?; live on rice (largely on fish, on fruit, on vegetables, on tea and soup, on bread and water, on a milk diet, etc.) питаться рисом и т. д., жить на рисе и т. д.; he is in the habit of living on plain food он привык к простой пище; live on air /on nothing/ жить неизвестно чем, питаться воздухом; live on one's past reputation (on one's name, on the memory of..., etc.) жить /существовать/ за счет былей репутации и т. д., live (up)on smb. live on his father (on one's relations, on a friend, upon woman, on its visitors, etc.) жить /существовать/ на средства своего отца и т. д.; he lives on his parents он сидит на шее у родителей; live out of smth. they live out of tins они питаются одними консервами, они живут на консервах; live out of suitcases веста кочевой образ жизни; live for smb., smth. live for others (for his work, for higher' aspirations, for one's fame, for one's pleasure, etc.) жить для /ради/ других и т.д.; she lives entirely for her children вся ее жизнь в детях; he lives for ballet он живет одним балетом; they live for /to/ no purpose они живут без всякой цели; he has nothing to live for у него нет цели в жизни, ему не для чего жить; this is an aim worth living for вот это цель, ради которой стоит жить; live by smth. live by one's hands (by toil, by the sweat of one's brow, by the /one's/ pen, by one's novels, by literature, etc.) зарабатывать себе на жизнь физическим трудом и т. д., live by brainwork зарабатывать на жизнь умственным трудом; live off smth. live off the country жить за счет страны; live within (above, beyond, to) smth., smb. live within (above /beyond/) one's means /income/ жить (не) по средствам; we are discovering more and more that the world is an interdependent world and that no country can live to itself мы все больше и больше убеждаемся, что в мире все взаимосвязано, и что ни одна страна не может жить сама по себе || live by /on/ one's wits а) изворачиваться; б) жить нечестным путем; live by oneself жить самостоятельно

3) live In (on, at, etc.) some place live in France (in the capital, in London, in the country, at a small town, at a hotel, at No. 20, etc.) жить /проживать/ во Франции и т. д.; who lives in this house? кто живет в этом доме?; live at the seaside (at one's uncle, etc.) жить /проживать/ у моря и т. д., live in this street жить на этой улице; live upon a farm жить на ферме; live on the other side of the river жить по ту сторону реки; live across the street жить через улицу; live in the water (in a forest, in a cave, etc.) жить /обитать, водиться/ в воде и т.д., live near to (far from, etc.) smb., smth. who lives nearest to the school? кто живет ближе всех к школе?; live away from home жить не дома, жить отдельно; live apart from his wife жить отдельно от жены: live under the same roof жить под одной крышей (с кем-л.), live with (among, under) smb., smth. live with one's friends (with the Browns, with one's family, with relatives, etc.) жить у друзей и т.д., live among strangers жить среди чужих; live under an assumed name жить под вымышленным именем; we have to live with the situation приходится мириться с обстоятельствами; live at some time live in the
9. XVII t
th century (in the times of Queen Victoria, in our hectic age, etc.) жить в семнадцатом веке и т. д.
10. XVII
live by doing smth. live by writing (by teaching music, by swindling industry, etc.) жить /зарабатывать на жизнь/ литературным трудом и т. д.
11. XIX1
live like smb. live like a saint (like a brute, etc.) жить как святой и т. д.
12. XXV
11 you've never lived unless you've seen Paris тот ничего не видел в жизни, кто не бывал в Париже

English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > live
14 donde

adv.

where.

el bolso está donde lo dejaste the bag is where you left it

puedes ir donde quieras you can go wherever you want

hasta donde as far as, up to where

llegaré hasta donde pueda I'll get as far as I can

donde sea posible wherever possible

por donde wherever

iré por donde me manden I'll go wherever they send me

pron.

where.

la casa donde nací the house where I was born

la ciudad de donde viene the town (where) she comes from, the town from which she comes

hacia donde toward where, toward which

hasta donde as far as where, as far as which

de donde from which (de lo cual)

* * *

donde

► adverbio

1 where, in which

■ el colegio donde estudié the school where I studied

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

de donde / desde donde from where, whence

■ ésta es la casa desde donde procedió el disparo this is the house where the shot came from

donde las dan las toman familiar tit for tat

¡mira por donde! / ¡vaya por donde! familiar fancy that!

* * *

adv.

1) where

2) wherever

* * *

1. ADV

1) + indic where

la nota está donde la dejaste — the note's where you left it

la casa donde nací — the house where I was born, the house I was born in

el sitio donde lo encontré — the place (where) I found it

• a donde, ahí es a donde vamos nosotros — that's where we're going

fue a donde estaban ellos — he went to (the place) where they were

• de donde, el país de donde vienen — the country they come from

la caja de donde lo sacó — the box he took it out of, the box from which he took it

• en donde, fui a la India, en donde nos conocimos — I went to India, (which is) where we met

el pueblo en donde vive — the village where o in which he lives

• por donde, la escalera por donde había salido — the empty staircase down which he had left

la puerta por donde se entra — the door you go in by

la calle por donde íbamos andando — the street we were walking along

por donde pasan lo destrozan todo — they destroy everything, wherever they go

va siempre por donde se le dice — she always goes wherever you tell her to

2) + subjun wherever

donde tú quieras — wherever you want

quiero un trabajo donde sea — I want a job anywhere o wherever

estén donde estén — wherever they may be

vayas donde vayas — wherever you go, everywhere you go

vayas por donde vayas — whichever way you go

- allí donde fueres, haz lo que vieres

3) Cono Sur (=ya que) as, since

2. PREP

1) (=al lado de)

es allí, donde la catedral — it's over there by the cathedral

lo guardamos donde la ropa de cama — we keep it with the bed linen

2) (=en casa de)

vamos donde Ricardo — we're going to Ricardo's

están cenando donde mi madre — they are having dinner at my mother's

* * *
I
conjunción

1)

a) where

la ciudad donde se conocieron — the city where they met; (+ subj)

siéntate donde quieras — sit wherever o where you like

déjalo donde sea — leave it anywhere

b) ( con prep) where

el café (en) donde nos reuníamos — the café where we used to meet

buscamos un lugar desde donde ver el desfile — we looked for a place to watch the procession

el país de donde procede — the country it comes from

de donde se deduce que... — from which it can be deduced that...

la ventana por donde había entrado — the window through which he had got in

sigue donde mismo — (Chi fam) he's still in the same place

2) (esp AmL fam) (+ subj) (si) if

donde lo vuelvas a hacer... — if you do it again...

3) (Chi fam) ( porque) because
II
preposición (esp AmL, en algunas regiones crit)

ve donde tu hermana y dile que... — ( a su casa) go over to your sister's and tell her...; ( al lugar donde está ella) go and tell your sister...

es allí donde el semáforo — it's there by o at the traffic lights

* * *

= where, where, whereabouts.

Ex. An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.

Ex. An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.

Ex. Systematic order is not self-evident; we need notation to show whereabouts in the sequence we shall find a particular subject.

----

* ¿a dónde se dirige(n)...? = whither?.

* ¿a dónde va(n)...? = whither?.

* allí donde = as and when, where, wherever.

* ciudad donde viven principalmente jubilados = retirement town.

* de donde = whence, whence, from whence.

* ¿de dónde si no...? = where else...?.

* demasiado donde elegir = embarrassment of riches, spoilt for choice.

* de quién sabe dónde = out of the woodwork.

* ¿dónde? = where on (this) earth...?.

* donde cabe mucho también cabe poco = what holds a lot will hold a little.

* ¿dónde demonios...? = where on (this) earth...?.

* ¿dónde diablos...? = where on (this) earth...?.

* donde el tiempo es de suma importancia = time-critical.

* donde fueres haz lo que vieres = when in Rome (do as the Romans do).

* donde hay humo, hay fuego = there's no smoke without fire, where there's smoke there's fire.

* donde proceda = where applicable.

* donde se pueden hacer búsquedas = queriable.

* en donde = where, wherein.

* en una época en donde = in an age where.

* ¿hacia dónde se dirige(n)...? = whither?.

* ¿hacia dónde va(n)...? = whither?.

* hasta donde alcance = to the limits of.

* hasta donde es posible = as far as possible.

* hasta donde llegue = to the limits of.

* hasta donde sea posible = as far as possible.

* imponer orden en donde hay caos = bring + order out of chaos.

* lugar donde pasar el rato = hang out.

* no tener otro sitio donde recurrir = have + nowhere else to turn.

* salir de quién sabe dónde = come out of + the woodwork.

* * *
I
conjunción

1)

a) where

la ciudad donde se conocieron — the city where they met; (+ subj)

siéntate donde quieras — sit wherever o where you like

déjalo donde sea — leave it anywhere

b) ( con prep) where

el café (en) donde nos reuníamos — the café where we used to meet

buscamos un lugar desde donde ver el desfile — we looked for a place to watch the procession

el país de donde procede — the country it comes from

de donde se deduce que... — from which it can be deduced that...

la ventana por donde había entrado — the window through which he had got in

sigue donde mismo — (Chi fam) he's still in the same place

2) (esp AmL fam) (+ subj) (si) if

donde lo vuelvas a hacer... — if you do it again...

3) (Chi fam) ( porque) because
II
preposición (esp AmL, en algunas regiones crit)

ve donde tu hermana y dile que... — ( a su casa) go over to your sister's and tell her...; ( al lugar donde está ella) go and tell your sister...

es allí donde el semáforo — it's there by o at the traffic lights

* * *

= where, where, whereabouts.

Ex: An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.

Ex: An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.

Ex: Systematic order is not self-evident; we need notation to show whereabouts in the sequence we shall find a particular subject.

* ¿a dónde se dirige(n)...? = whither?.

* ¿a dónde va(n)...? = whither?.

* allí donde = as and when, where, wherever.

* ciudad donde viven principalmente jubilados = retirement town.

* de donde = whence, whence, from whence.

* ¿de dónde si no...? = where else...?.

* demasiado donde elegir = embarrassment of riches, spoilt for choice.

* de quién sabe dónde = out of the woodwork.

* ¿dónde? = where on (this) earth...?.

* donde cabe mucho también cabe poco = what holds a lot will hold a little.

* ¿dónde demonios...? = where on (this) earth...?.

* ¿dónde diablos...? = where on (this) earth...?.

* donde el tiempo es de suma importancia = time-critical.

* donde fueres haz lo que vieres = when in Rome (do as the Romans do).

* donde hay humo, hay fuego = there's no smoke without fire, where there's smoke there's fire.

* donde proceda = where applicable.

* donde se pueden hacer búsquedas = queriable.

* en donde = where, wherein.

* en una época en donde = in an age where.

* ¿hacia dónde se dirige(n)...? = whither?.

* ¿hacia dónde va(n)...? = whither?.

* hasta donde alcance = to the limits of.

* hasta donde es posible = as far as possible.

* hasta donde llegue = to the limits of.

* hasta donde sea posible = as far as possible.

* imponer orden en donde hay caos = bring + order out of chaos.

* lugar donde pasar el rato = hang out.

* no tener otro sitio donde recurrir = have + nowhere else to turn.

* salir de quién sabe dónde = come out of + the woodwork.

* * *

donde¹ [ Grammar notes (Spanish) ]

conjunction

A

1 where

la ciudad donde se conocieron the city where they met, the city they met in

Roma, donde se conocieron Rome, where they met

(+ subj): siéntate donde quieras sit wherever o where you like

vaya donde vaya me lo encuentro I bump into him wherever o everywhere I go

2

(con prep): buscábamos un lugar desde donde pudiéramos ver el desfile we were looking for a place to watch the procession from

íbamos a donde esperaban los demás we were on our way to where the others were waiting

el país de donde procede the country it comes from

de donde se deduce que … from which it can be deduced that …

la ventana por donde había entrado the window where he had got in, the window he had got in through

el café (en) donde nos reuníamos the café where we used to meet

lo dejé donde mismo lo encontré ( fam); I left it right o exactly where I found it

sigue donde mismo ( Chi fam); he's still in the same place, he's still living ( o working etc) in the same place

B ( esp AmL fam)

1 (+ subj) (si) if

donde lo vuelvas a hacer te mato if you do it again, I'll kill you!

2 (cuando) if, when

no será tan importante donde yo no lo sé it can't be (all) that important if o when I don't know it

C ( Chi fam) (porque) because

donde²

prep

( esp AmL en algunas regiones crit): ve donde tu hermana y dile que … (a su casa) go over to your sister's and tell her …; (al lugar donde está ella) go and tell your sister …

es allí donde el semáforo it's there by o at the traffic lights

* * *

Multiple Entries:
don de
donde
dónde
donde conjunción
where;
◊ la ciudad dónde se conocieron the city where they met;

siéntate dónde quieras sit wherever o where you like;
déjalo dónde sea leave it anywhere;
de dónde se deduce que … from which it can be deduced that …;
la ventana por dónde había entrado the window through which he had got in
■ preposición (esp AmL, en algunas regiones crit): ve dónde tu hermana y dile que … ( a su casa) go over to your sister's and tell her …;

( al lugar donde está ella) go and tell your sister …
dónde adverbio
1 where;
◊ ¿dónde está? where is it?;

¿de dónde es? where is he from?;
¿por dónde quieres ir? which way do you want to go?
2 (Chi, Méx, Per) ( cómo) how;
◊ ¡dónde íbamos a imaginar que …! how were we to imagine that …!

donde adv rel
1 where: el cajón donde guardaba las cartas, the drawer where she kept the letters
un balcón desde donde se ven los jardines, a balcony from which the gardens are visible
2 (por lo que) from which: de donde deduzco que..., from which I deduce that...
3 fam (en lo de, en casa de) estuvimos donde Pedro, we were at Pedro's
dónde adverbio
1 interr where: ¿de dónde es?, where is he from?
¿de dónde sacaste esa idea?, where did you get that idea from?
¿por dónde se va al Prado?, which way is it to the Prado?
' dónde' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acaso
- apretar
- bodega
- chimenea
- coger
- coño
- Cristo
- cuenca
- dejar
- despelucada
- despelucado
- despistada
- despistado
- destinar
- donde
- ser
- estanca
- estanco
- exactitud
- excavar
- guapetón
- guapetona
- inflamarse
- interruptor
- irse
- llevar
- maldita
- maldito
- mies
- mira
- nunca
- pacer
- parar
- pareja
- parejo
- peor
- perdón
- robar
- salida
- semejante
- sombra
- tendedero
- a
- alcanzar
- allí
- desde
- diablo
- empezar
- escoger
- estar
English:
anywhere
- bar
- belong
- best
- bird
- bloody
- bottleneck
- bump
- but
- clear
- consulate
- dinner theater
- direct
- disheveled
- dishevelled
- do
- drive-through
- drugstore
- earth
- everyplace
- fancy
- find
- game
- go
- honeymoon
- horn
- intimate
- intuitively
- look
- lounge bar
- name
- near
- penny
- scribble
- self-made
- shall
- somewhere
- spoil
- spring
- squirm
- stick
- stick back
- stick down
- tell
- they
- thick
- this
- trace back
- watch
- way

* * *

donde donde combines with the preposition a to form adonde when following a noun, pronoun or adverb expressing location (e.g. el sitio adonde vamos the place where we're going; es allí adonde iban that's where they were going).

♦ adv

where;

la casa donde nací the house where I was born;

el bolso está donde lo dejaste the bag is where you left it;

allí donde va, causa problemas he causes trouble wherever he goes;

vayan donde vayan, siempre tienen éxito wherever they go, they're always successful;

puedes ir donde quieras you can go wherever you want;

de donde [de lo cual] from which;

de donde se deduce que estás equivocado from which it can be concluded that you're wrong;

la ciudad de donde viene the town (where) she comes from, the town from which she comes;

desde donde estábamos no se veía el escenario you couldn't see the stage from where we were;

el hotel en donde nos alojamos the hotel where we're staying, the hotel at which we're staying;

el pueblo hacia donde nos dirigíamos the town we were heading for, the town for which we were heading;

tienes que correr hasta donde está la valla you have to run as far as the fence, you have to run up to where the fence is;

llegaré hasta donde pueda I'll get as far as I can;

iré por donde me manden I'll go wherever they send me;

la puerta por donde entró the door she came in through, the door through which she came in

♦ prep

1. [al lugar de]
ve donde la tienda y espérame allí go and wait for me at the shop;

ve donde papá y dile que nos vamos [al lugar en que está, a su casa] go over to dad's and tell him that we're going

2. [en el lugar de]
está donde mi madre she's at my mother's;

eso está donde la fábrica de harina it's by the flour mill

* * *

donde

I adv where

II prp esp L.Am.

fui donde el médico I went to the doctor’s

* * *

dónde adv

: where

¿dónde está su casa?: where is your house?

donde conj

: where, in which

el pueblo donde vivo: the town where I live

donde prep

: over by

lo encontré donde la silla: I found it over by the chair

* * *

donde adv

1. (en general) where

la casa donde nació mi abuelo the house where my grandfather was born

busca donde te dije look where I told you

Si en la frase hay una preposición, where se omite en inglés

el país de donde soy the country I come from

2. (en cualquier parte) wherever

ponte donde quieras stand wherever you like

donde sea anywhere

Spanish-English dictionary > donde
15 Watt, James

SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines

[br]

b. 19 January 1735 Greenock, Renfrewshire, Scotland

d. 19 August 1819 Handsworth Heath, Birmingham, England

[br]

Scottish engineer and inventor of the separate condenser for the steam engine.

[br]

The sixth child of James Watt, merchant and general contractor, and Agnes Muirhead, Watt was a weak and sickly child; he was one of only two to survive childhood out of a total of eight, yet, like his father, he was to live to an age of over 80. He was educated at local schools, including Greenock Grammar School where he was an uninspired pupil. At the age of 17 he was sent to live with relatives in Glasgow and then in 1755 to London to become an apprentice to a mathematical instrument maker, John Morgan of Finch Lane, Cornhill. Less than a year later he returned to Greenock and then to Glasgow, where he was appointed mathematical instrument maker to the University and was permitted in 1757 to set up a workshop within the University grounds. In this position he came to know many of the University professors and staff, and it was thus that he became involved in work on the steam engine when in 1764 he was asked to put in working order a defective Newcomen engine model. It did not take Watt long to perceive that the great inefficiency of the Newcomen engine was due to the repeated heating and cooling of the cylinder. His idea was to drive the steam out of the cylinder and to condense it in a separate vessel. The story is told of Watt's flash of inspiration as he was walking across Glasgow Green one Sunday afternoon; the idea formed perfectly in his mind and he became anxious to get back to his workshop to construct the necessary apparatus, but this was the Sabbath and work had to wait until the morrow, so Watt forced himself to wait until the Monday morning.

Watt designed a condensing engine and was lent money for its development by Joseph Black, the Glasgow University professor who had established the concept of latent heat. In 1768 Watt went into partnership with John Roebuck, who required the steam engine for the drainage of a coal-mine that he was opening up at Bo'ness, West Lothian. In 1769, Watt took out his patent for "A New Invented Method of Lessening the Consumption of Steam and Fuel in Fire Engines". When Roebuck went bankrupt in 1772, Matthew Boulton, proprietor of the Soho Engineering Works near Birmingham, bought Roebuck's share in Watt's patent. Watt had met Boulton four years earlier at the Soho works, where power was obtained at that time by means of a water-wheel and a steam engine to pump the water back up again above the wheel. Watt moved to Birmingham in 1774, and after the patent had been extended by Parliament in 1775 he and Boulton embarked on a highly profitable partnership. While Boulton endeavoured to keep the business supplied with capital, Watt continued to refine his engine, making several improvements over the years; he was also involved frequently in legal proceedings over infringements of his patent.

In 1794 Watt and Boulton founded the new company of Boulton \& Watt, with a view to their retirement; Watt's son James and Boulton's son Matthew assumed management of the company. Watt retired in 1800, but continued to spend much of his time in the workshop he had set up in the garret of his Heathfield home; principal amongst his work after retirement was the invention of a pantograph sculpturing machine.

James Watt was hard-working, ingenious and essentially practical, but it is doubtful that he would have succeeded as he did without the business sense of his partner, Matthew Boulton. Watt coined the term "horsepower" for quantifying the output of engines, and the SI unit of power, the watt, is named in his honour.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1785. Honorary LLD, University of Glasgow 1806. Foreign Associate, Académie des Sciences, Paris 1814.

Further Reading

H.W.Dickinson and R Jenkins, 1927, James Watt and the Steam Engine, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

L.T.C.Rolt, 1962, James Watt, London: B.T. Batsford.

R.Wailes, 1963, James Watt, Instrument Maker (The Great Masters: Engineering Heritage, Vol. 1), London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Watt, James
16 approach

approach

A n

1 ( route of access) (to town, island) voie f d'accès ; Mil approche f ; all the approachs to the city have been sealed off toutes les voies d'accès de la ville ont été bouclées ; the approach to the house le chemin or l'allée qui mène à la maison ;

2 ( advance) ( of person) approche f, arrivée f ; (of season, old age) approche f ;

3 ( way of dealing) approche f ; an approach to doing une façon de faire ; an original approach to the problem une façon originale d'aborder le problème ; a new approach to child psychology une nouvelle façon d'aborder la psychologie de l'enfant, une nouvelle approche de la psychologie de l'enfant ; we need to try a different approach nous devons essayer une méthode différente ; I don't care for their approach je n'aime pas leur façon de s'y prendre ; she is very Freudian in her approach elle a une optique très freudienne ;

4 ( overture) démarche f ; ( proposal to buy etc) proposition f ; to make approaches to sb gen, Comm faire des démarches auprès de qn ;

5 ( approximation) this was the nearest approach to a solution/a cease-fire c'était ce qui ressemblait le plus à une solution/un cessez-le-feu ;

6 Aviat = approach path.

B vtr

1 ( draw near to) s'approcher de [person, place] ; ( verge on) approcher de ; it was approaching dawn l'aube approchait ; it was approaching midnight il était presque minuit ; he is approaching sixty il approche (de) la soixantaine ; a woman approaching middle age/retirement une femme approchant de la cinquantaine/de la retraite ; gales approaching speeds of 200 km per hour des vents qui atteignaient presque les 200 km à l'heure ; he looked at her with something approaching admiration il la regardait presque avec admiration ; a profit of something approaching five million dollars un bénéfice de près de cinq millions de dollars ;

2 ( deal with) aborder [problem, topic, subject] ;

3 ( make overtures to) s'adresser à [person] ; ( more formally) faire des démarches auprès de [person, company] ; (with offer of job, remuneration) solliciter (about au sujet de) ; she was approached by a man in the street elle a été abordée par un homme dans la rue ; the company has been approached by several buyers la compagnie a été contactée par plusieurs acheteurs, plusieurs acheteurs ont fait des démarches auprès de la compagnie ; he has been approached by several publishers il a reçu des propositions de plusieurs maisons d'édition.

C vi [person, animal, car] (s')approcher ; [event, season, date] approcher ; the time is fast approaching when… le moment est imminent où…

Big English-French dictionary > approach
17 Gabor, Dennis (Dénes)

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

b. 5 June 1900 Budapest, Hungary

d. 9 February 1979 London, England

[br]

Hungarian (naturalized British) physicist, inventor of holography.

[br]

Gabor became interested in physics at an early age. Called up for military service in 1918, he was soon released when the First World War came to an end. He then began a mechanical engineering course at the Budapest Technical University, but a further order to register for military service prompted him to flee in 1920 to Germany, where he completed his studies at Berlin Technical University. He was awarded a Diploma in Engineering in 1924 and a Doctorate in Electrical Engineering in 1927. He then went on to work in the physics laboratory of Siemens \& Halske. He returned to Hungary in 1933 and developed a new kind of fluorescent lamp called the plasma lamp. Failing to find a market for this device, Gabor made the decision to abandon his homeland and emigrate to England. There he joined British Thompson-Houston (BTH) in 1934 and married a colleague from the company in 1936. Gabor was also unsuccessful in his attempts to develop the plasma lamp in England, and by 1937 he had begun to work in the field of electron optics. His work was interrupted by the outbreak of war in 1939, although as he was not yet a British subject he was barred from making any significant contribution to the British war effort. It was only when the war was near its end that he was able to return to electron optics and begin the work that led to the invention of holography. The theory was developed during 1947 and 1948; Gabor went on to demonstrate that the theories worked, although it was not until the invention of the laser in 1960 that the full potential of his invention could be appreciated. He coined the term "hologram" from the Greek holos, meaning complete, and gram, meaning written. The three-dimensional images have since found many applications in various fields, including map making, medical imaging, computing, information technology, art and advertising. Gabor left BTH to become an associate professor at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in 1949, a position he held until his retirement in 1967. In 1971 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on holography.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Royal Society Rumford Medal 1968. Franklin Institute Michelson Medal 1968. CBE 1970. Nobel Prize for Physics 1971.

Bibliography

1948. "A new microscopic principle", Nature 161:777 (Gabor's earliest publication on holography).

1949. "Microscopy by reconstructed wavefronts", Proceedings of the Royal Society A197: 454–87.

1951, "Microscopy by reconstructed wavefronts II", Proc. Phys. Soc. B, 64:449–69. 1966, "Holography or the “Whole Picture”", New Scientist 29:74–8 (an interesting account written after laser beams were used to produce optical holograms).

Further Reading

T.E.Allibone, 1980, contribution to Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 26: 107–47 (a full account of Gabor's life and work).

JW

Biographical history of technology > Gabor, Dennis (Dénes)
18 Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 12 June 1851 Penkhull, Staffordshire, England

d. 22 August 1940 Lake, near Salisbury, Wiltshire, England

[br]

English physicist who perfected Branly's coherer; said to have given the first public demonstration of wireless telegraphy.

[br]

At the age of 8 Lodge entered Newport Grammar School, and in 1863–5 received private education at Coombs in Suffolk. He then returned to Staffordshire, where he assisted his father in the potteries by working as a book-keeper. Whilst staying with an aunt in London in 1866–7, he attended scientific lectures and became interested in physics. As a result of this and of reading copies of English Mechanic magazine, when he was back home in Hanley he began to do experiments and attended the Wedgewood Institute. Returning to London c. 1870, he studied initially at the Royal College of Science and then, from 1874, at University College, London (UCL), at the same time attending lectures at the Royal Institution.

In 1875 he obtained his BSc, read a paper to the British Association on "Nodes and loops in chemical formulae" and became a physics demonstrator at UCL. The following year he was appointed a physics lecturer at Bedford College, completing his DSc in 1877. Three years later he became Assistant Professor of Mathematics at UCL, but in 1881, after only two years, he accepted the Chair of Experimental Physics at the new University College of Liverpool. There began a period of fruitful studies of electricity and radio transmission and reception, including development of the lightning conductor, discovery of the "coherent" effect of sparks and improvement of Branly's coherer, and, in 1894, what is said to be the first public demonstration of the transmission and reception (using a coherer) of wireless telegraphy, from Lewis's department store to the clock tower of Liverpool University's Victoria Building. On 10 May 1897 he filed a patent for selective tuning by self-in-ductance; this was before Marconi's first patent was actually published and its priority was subsequently upheld.

In 1900 he became the first Principal of the new University of Birmingham, where he remained until his retirement in 1919. In his later years he was increasingly interested in psychical research.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Knighted 1902. FRS 1887. Royal Society Council Member 1893. President, Society for Psychical Research 1901–4, 1932. President, British Association 1913. Royal Society Rumford Medal 1898. Royal Society of Arts Albert Medal 1919. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1932. Fourteen honorary degrees from British and other universities.

Bibliography

1875, "The flow of electricity in a plane", Philosophical Magazine (May, June and December).

1876, "Thermo-electric phenomena", Philosophical Magazine (December). 1888, "Lightning conductors", Philosophical Magazine (August).

1889, Modern Views of Electricity (lectures at the Royal Institution).

10 May 1897, "Improvements in syntonized telegraphy without line wires", British patent no. 11,575, US patent no. 609,154.

1898, "Radio waves", Philosophical Magazine (August): 227.

1931, Past Years, An Autobiography, London: Hodder \& Stoughton.

Further Reading

W.P.Jolly, 1974, Sir Oliver Lodge, Psychical Resear cher and Scientist, London: Constable.

E.Hawks, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen.

See also: Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph

KF

Biographical history of technology > Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph
19 Morris, William Richard, Viscount Nuffield

SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Land transport

[br]

b. 10 October 1877 Worcester, England

d. 22 August 1963 Nuffield Place, England

[br]

English industrialist, car manufacturer and philanthropist.

[br]

Morris was the son of Frederick Morris, then a draper. He was the eldest of a family of seven, all of whom, except for one sister, died in childhood. When he was 3 years old, his father moved to Cowley, near Oxford, where he attended the village school. After a short time with a local bicycle firm he set up on his own at the age of 16 with a capital of £4. He manufactured pedal cycles and by 1902 he had designed a motor cycle and was doing car-repair work. By 1912, at the Motor Show, he was able to announce his first car, the 8.9 hp, two-seater Morris Oxford with its characteristic "bull-nose". It could perform at up to 50 mph (80 km/h) and 50 mpg (5.65 1/100 km). It cost £165.

Though untrained, Morris was a born engineer as well as a natural judge of character. This enabled him to build up a reliable team of assistants in his growing business, with an order for four hundred cars at the Motor Show in 1912. Much of his business was built up in the assembly of components manufactured by outside suppliers. In he moved out of his initial premises by New College in Longwall and bought land at Cowley, where he brought out his second model, the 11.9hp Morris Oxford. This was after the First World War, during which car production was reduced to allow the manufacture of tanks and munitions. He was awarded the OBE in 1917 for his war work. Morris Motors Ltd was incorporated in 1919, and within fifteen months sales of cars had reached over 3,000 a year. By 1923 he was producing 20,000 cars a year, and in 1926 50,000, equivalent to about one-third of Britain's output. With the slump, a substantial overdraft, and a large stock of unsold cars, Morris took the bold decision to cut the prices of cars in stock, which then sold out within three weeks. Other makers followed suit, but Morris was ahead of them.

Morris was part-founder of the Pressed Steel Company, set up to produce car bodies at Cowley. A clever operation with the shareholding of the Morris Motors Company allowed Morris a substantial overall profit to provide expansion capital. By 1931 his "empire" comprised, in addition to Morris Motors, the MG Car Company, the Wolseley Company, the SU Carburettor Company and Morris Commercial Cars. In 1936, the value of Morris's financial interest in the business was put at some £16 million.

William Morris was a frugal man and uncomplicated, having little use for all the money he made except to channel it to charitable purposes. It is said that in all he gave away some £30 million during his lifetime, much of it invested by the recipients to provide long-term benefits. He married Elizabeth Anstey in 1904 and lived for thirty years at Nuffield Place. He lived modestly, and even after retirement, when Honorary President of the British Motor Corporation, the result of a merger between Morris Motors and the Austin Motor Company, he drove himself to work in a modest 10 hp Wolseley. His generosity benefited many hospitals in London, Oxford, Birmingham and elsewhere. Oxford Colleges were another class of beneficiary from his largesse.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Viscount 1938; Baron (Lord Nuffield) 1934; Baronet 1929; OBE 1917; GBE 1941; CH 1958. FRS 1939. He was a doctor of seven universities and an honorary freeman of seven towns.

Further Reading

R.Jackson, 1964, The Nuffield Story.

P.W.S.Andrews and E.Brunner, The Life of Lord Nuffield.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Morris, William Richard, Viscount Nuffield
20 Seppings, Robert

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

b. 11 December 1767 near Fakenham, Norfolk, England

d. 25 April 1840 Taunton, Somerset, England

[br]

English naval architect who as Surveyor to the Royal Navy made fundamental improvements in wooden ship construction.

[br]

After the death of his father, Seppings at the age of 14 moved to his uncle's home in Plymouth, where shortly after (1782) he was apprenticed to the Master Shipwright. His indentures were honoured fully by 1789 and he commenced his climb up the professional ladder of the ship construction department of the Royal Dockyards. In 1797 he became Assistant Master Shipwright at Plymouth, and in 1804 he was appointed Master Shipwright at Chatham. In 1813 Sir William Rule, Surveyor to the Navy, retired and the number of surveyors was increased to three, with Seppings being appointed the junior. Later he was to become Surveyor to the Royal Navy, a post he held until his retirement in 1832. Seppings introduced many changes to ship construction in the early part of the nineteenth century. It is likely that the introduction of these innovations required positive and confident management, and their acceptance tells us much about Seppings. The best-known changes were the round bow and stern in men-of-war and the alteration to framing systems.

The Seppings form of diagonal bracing ensured that wooden ships, which are notorious for hogging (i.e. drooping at the bow and stern), were stronger and therefore able to be built with greater length. This change was complemented by modifications to the floors, frames and futtocks (analogous to the ribs of a ship). These developments were to be taken further once iron composite construction (wooden sheathing on iron frames) was adopted in the United Kingdom mid-century.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS. Knighted (by the Prince Regent aboard the warship Royal George) 1819.

Bibliography

Throughout his life Seppings produced a handful of pamphlets and published letters, as well as two papers that were published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1814 and 1820).

Further Reading

A description of the thinking in the Royal Navy at the beginning of the nineteenth century can be found in: J.Fincham, 1851, A History of Naval Architecture, London; B.Lavery, 1989, Nelson's Navy. The Ships, Men and Organisation 1793–1815, London: Conway.

T.Wright, 1982, "Thomas Young and Robert Seppings: science and ship construction in the early nineteenth century", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 53:55–72.

Seppings's work can be seen aboard the frigate Unicorn, launched in Chatham in 1824 and now on view to the public at Dundee. Similarly, his innovations in ship construction can be readily understood from many of the models at the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.

FMW

Biographical history of technology > Seppings, Robert

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he's near retirement age

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